ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper applies rail freight‐rate theory to U.S. and Canadian grain movements for both domestic and export destinations. In this analysis it is established that grain freight rates in the U.S. are largely determined by distance, shipment size, frequency of shipments, intermodal competition, and geographical characteristics of route origins and destinations. Freight rates, therefore, vary depending upon routes. A comparison of U.S. export rates with Canada's statutory rate revealed that the U.S. rate levels, in 1979, were 4.3 and 2.9 times higher for hauling distances of 200 and 1,000 miles respectively in the lowest‐rate route; while it was about 7.8 and 7.5 times higher for the same mileage in the highest‐rate route. The extent to which the U.S. experience is relevant to Western Canada depends largely on the manner in which Canada's statutory rate is revised after the scheduled review in 19

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02130.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The widespread commitment of public funds to agricultural research is being questioned by administrators in governments and by the Canadian public. Questions relating to the level of public expenditure on agricultural research, the efficiency with which the resources are being allocated, and the manner in which the benefits are distributed among members of society art being asked. This study addresses these and related questions as they pertain to publicly funded wheat research activities conducted over the period 1946 to 1979‐ Two research scenarios were examined ‐ one dealing with the development of new varieties of wheat and the other dealing with all research applicable to the production of wheat. The results revealed that society has indeed benefitted substantially from public investment in wheat research. The level of social benefits averaged $49 and $143 million (measured in 1971 dollars) annually for the wheat breeding and all‐wheat research scenarios, respectively. The average annual internal rates of return earned from these public investments ranged between 30 and 39 percent. Furthermore, some evidence was presented that suggests society may, in fact, be underin‐vesting in agricultural research in the aggregate. Finally, analyses of the distribution of the benefits showed that both producers and consumers are major benefi

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research expenditures in agriculture have come under close scrutiny in Canada. This paper describes the agricultural research system in Canada, develops an economic model to explain research expenditures and estimate the model for the Canadian prairies. Economic variables do explain research expenditures.SummaryThis study has developed a four‐equation model of agricultural research in Canada using some aspects of special interest theory, institutional theory and economic variables. The demand, supply and allocation equations were developed with special reference to the Canadian agricultural research sector and the more restrictive prairie agricultural research sector. The conceptual model developed is designed to explain the allocation of public expenditures on commodity specific applied research. The reduced‐form equation of the model was estimated for 6 commodity classes (2 crops, 4 livestock groups) to test the applicability of the model over the commodity groups.The evaluation of the reduced‐form equation model and the implications that derive from it give an interesting view of the Canadian research sector. Some variables did perform as a priori expected with relative consistency and certain equations performed very well. These results lead to some implications for the Canadian agricultural research sector.The general performance of the reduced‐form equation and its ability to explain the total variation of expenditures on commodity specific agricultural research gives limited support to the model developed. Nevertheless the results tend to indicate that agricultural research is responsive to economic and institutional va

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY