摘要:

Weekly hog prices for Edmonton, Toronto and an average of mid‐west United States markets are analyzed for lead‐lag structure or Granger Causal ity. These price series are analyzed over six time periods from January 1964 to December 1983, corresponding to changes in marketing structure by the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board. Both ARIMA filters and a restricted‐unrestricted ordinary least squares test for Granger Causality are employed. Results indicate an increase in isolation of markets, possibly illustrating the effectiveness of the local marketing board in its efforts to relate prices to local supply and demand conditions.Les prix hebdomadaires du pore à Edmonton, Toronto et d'une moyenne de marchés du mid‐west ameYicain sont analysés pour evaluer les directions des mouvements de ces marchés les uns par rapport aux autres ou la causalité de Granger. Ces séries de prix de Janvier 1964 à décembre I983 sont divisées en six périodes qui correspondent aux changements structurels de la mise en marché effectués par la régie albertaine du pore. L'analyse utilise des filtres ARIMA et un simple modéle linéaire restreint ou non restreint pour faire l'épreuve de causalité de Granger. Les résultats indiquent une augmentation de I'isolation des marchés les uns les autres; il semble que la régie de mise en marché locale réussit à relier les prix aux conditions local

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fermentation of livestock manure for the production of biogas is not economically viable given current and prospective energy prices, as long as the residue from the fermentation process is used on agricultural land as a source of crop nutrients. An alternative use of the residue is to separate out the solid fraction for use as a source of protein and minerals for livestock. This alternative was evaluated for a commercial beef feedlot in Ontario, and was found to provide attractive returns using feed replacement values for the residue solids, even when a zero value was attributed to the biogas, and when real interest rates reached 7 percent. Economies of size were also found.

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is based upon a report prepared by the author for Agriculture Canada and Environment Canada. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author. I am indebted to Thomas Crocker for discussions on the subject matter. Comments of the reviewers of this journal proved useful in drafting the present version.This paper surveys, collates and interprets information from the scientific literature pertaining to the agricultural impacts of long‐range transported air pollutants (acid deposition and ozone) in Eastern Canada in order to provide a preliminary assessment of their economic significance. While most crop scientists believe that Ozone is the major air pollutant causing damage to a number of crops in Eastern Canada, in terms of economic impacts, acid deposition may be considerably more important if the Lee and Neely (1980) corn yield‐loss estimate of 9 percent is correct. Agricultural soils receive a net economic benefit from acid deposition because of the sulphur input which is a fertilizing agent; however, this is small ($2.6 million) compared to the possible direct corn crop damage ($105 million) attributable to acid deposit

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Most forest crops in real life are mixtures of species and the theory of optimal economic rotations as presented in literature does not quite apply to them. A model for determining the optimal economic rotation of a mixed species even‐aged forest has, therefore, been developed. Data for jack pine and black spruce from an actual forest managed by a forest company have been used to demonstrate the value of the model. It has been concluded that at high discount rates faster growing components of a mixture should be given more importance in deciding the common optimal rotation. At low discount rates the slower growing components need to be emphasized.La majeure partie de la récolte forestière consiste en réalité en mélanges d'essences et la théorie des rotations économiques optimales ne s'y applique pas tout à fait; Un modèle pour déterminer la rotation économique optimale a done áté developpé. Afin de démontrer la valeur de ce modéle, on s'est servi de données provenant d'une forêt de pin gris et d'épinette noire gárée par une compagnie forestiére. On a con‐clu qu'avec des taux d'intérět éleves, on devrait donner plus d'importance aux constituants dont la croissance est la plus rapide lorsqu'il s'agit de décider la rotation commune optimale. Par contre, avec des taux d'tntérêt bas, on doit faire valoir les const

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The social costs of supply management in Canadian agriculture have been the subject of recent theoretical and empirical study. Thus far, analyses have focused on the conventional deadweight loss approach to describing social costs. This debate is expanded by considering how the scarce resources consumed in a competitive rent seeking process revise the interpretation and calculation of societal losses from supply management. It is concluded the exclusion of society's loss due to wasteful rent seeking activities results in underestimation of the social cost of supply management programs.Les coûts sociaux dus à la gestion des stocks dans l'agriculture Ca‐nadienne ont fait l'object de plusieurs études recentes, aussi bien tháoriques qu'empiriques. Jusqu'à présent, les analyses ont mis l'accent sur l'approche conventionnelle de l'étude des pertes sêcnes pour décrire les coûts sociaux. Le débat sur la question est ici relancé quand on considère, dans le cadre d'un processus concurrentiel de recherche de plus‐value áconomique, combien l'utilization des resources limitáes conduit à réviser l'interpretation et le calcul des pertes soc‐iales duer à la gestion des stocks. En conclusion, I'exclusion des pertes sociales dues aux activitás ruineuses de recherché de plus‐value a pour resultat de sousestimer le coût social des programmes de gestion des stocks.A recent article in this Journal by Schmitz reviews the economic effects of the supply management experience in Canada. Utilizing previously published empirical evidence and an economic surplus methodology, Schmitz concludes that the net welfare losses due to supply management are small for the commodities discussed. So small, in fact, that Schmitz wonders if policy makers can be influenced, on the basis of efficiency criteria, to reconsider supply management as an appr

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper estimates values for a few important parameters related to the Atlantic salmon market in Canada. Included among the estimated parameters are income and price elasticities of demand. Many economists are currently engaged in the study of economic feasibility of farmed Atlantic salmon in Canada. In these studies forecasts of demand for Atlantic salmon play a crucial role. Since there are no serious studies on relevant elasticity estimates, the researchers have so far relied on extrapolations of historical time series data on demand (see, for example, Marine Science Research Laboratory (198O), Ridler (1983)).In this study we have formulated and estimated demand equations for Atlantic salmon using Canadian data covering the period between 1955 and 1981. We have found a very high value for both price and income elasticities of demand. High elasticity values have interesting implications for salmon farming. The domestic market can absorb additional supplies for Atlantic salmon. A high price elasticity guarantees that there is scope for salmon fishermen to increase their revenue by selling a higher volume in the Canadian market. The value of income elasticity suggests that Atlantic salmon is a strongly superior good.Various pressure groups in Canada and elsewhere have been claiming that Atlantic salmon is an endangered species and restrictions on catches must be imposed to save the species from total extinction. Implications of such controls have been analyzed in the light of the calculated value of the elasticities.Cet article fait une estimation de valeurs pour quelques paramètres importants reiatifs à la vente du saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Re‐venus et élasticité des prix à la demands sont inclus parmi les paramétres étudiés. Un certain nombre d'économistes étudient en ce moment l'‐aspect économique de I'implantation d'élevages de saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Dans ces études les previsions portant sur la demande jop‐uent un rolê‐clé. Etant donné qu'il n'y a pas d'études sérieuses sur les estimations d'élasticité, les chercheurs se sont appuyésA jusqu'ici sur des extrapolations à partir de séries de données historiques sur la demande.Dans cette étude nous avons formulé et estimé des équations de demande pour 1e saumon de l'Atlantique qui utilisent des données canadi‐ennes entre 1955 et 1981, Nous avons trouvé une très naute valeur pour l'éasticitéà la fois des pris et des revenus. La haute élasticité des valeurs a des implications intáressantes pour l'élevage du saumon. Le marché domestique peut aisément absorber une quantité supplémentalre de saumons. Une élasticité dans la gamine élevée des prix permet de garan‐tir aux éleveurs de saumon une augmentation de leurs revenus par la vente d'un volume accru sur le marché canadien. La valeur de l'élasticité du revenu suggère que le saumon de l'Atlantique est une denrée su‐périeure et qu'avec une augmentation du revenu réél per capita, la demande domestique augmentera à un rythme plus rapide.Plusieurs groupes de pression au Canada et ailleurs soutiennent que le saumon atlantique est une espèce en danger et que des restrictions sur les prises doivent Ctre imposées pour sauver ces espèces d'une extinction totale. Les implications de ce genre de contr

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Van Kooten and Spriggs (VKS) make a useful contribution to our understanding of the basic theory of the firm as applied to quota restrictions on output, at least as far as their short‐run analysis is concerned. However, it is the long‐run analysis which is more relevant for judging the welfare implications of the policy, and it is here that the VKS analysis is open to question. This comment puts forth an alternative view. In so doing it also draws attention to some of the more important policy implications of the analy

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The comment by Harvey and Hubbard (hereafter HH) on our earlier paper concerns the welfare implications of our long‐run analysis. They assume a competitive industry where the firms face perfectly elastic supply functions for all factors of production except one. Under such assumptions, they suggest that the area above the long‐run supply curve and below a price line can have meaning as a welfare measure. This is in contrast to our paper in which such an area can have no meaning as a welfare meas

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a recent paper in this Journal, Jensen (1984) continues the debate on farm size in Saskatchewan. In particular, he considers the relationship between farm size and efficiency “… to determine if it is necessary to have fewer and larger farms in order to gain cost efficiency …” Attention is focused on the notion of returns to size and the vehicle for analysis is estimates of long‐run average cost (LAC) curves. Individual farm data are used for different farm types in the two years, 1977 and 1980. Equations are fitted to each farm type in each year. Hence, each estimated equation is based on cross‐section data. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that, “… at the frontier, constant returns to size are the norm in Saskatchewan agriculture” (p. 199). Moreover, “Governments could consider removing policies which favor larg

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY