摘要:

Marketing boards with supply management powers have become part of Canadian agriculture, yet whether these boards improve society's welfare is a much‐debated issue. This paper reviews both the methodology and the empirical results of studies which have assessed the effects of supply management. All of the studies reviewed show that there is a sizeable income transfer from consumers to producers along with a misallocation of resources as a result of supply management. However, one could easily reverse these conclusions by changing the assumptions upon which past research has rested. Furthermore, additional research is needed on supply management in the context of both a rent‐seeking framework and from an industrial organization point of view.Les commissions de commercialisation possédant des pouvoirs sur la gestion des stocks. sont devenues inhérentes a ľagriculture canadienne; il y a cependant, controverse quant a ľeffet qu'apportent ces commissions sur le bien‐être de la société. Cette analyse examine à la fois la méthodologie ulilisée, de méme que les résullats empiriques obtenus selon des études examinées, montrent qu'il y a un transfert considérable de revenu, entre les consummateurs et les producteurs, allant de pair avec une mauvaise répartition des ressources, résultant de la gestion des stocks. Cependant, comme le démontre cette étude, il est facilement possible ďinverser ces conclusions en changeant les hypothèses sur lesquelles la recherche antérieure a été bátie. De plus, une recherche supplément aire, sur la gestion des stocks, dans le contexte ďune structure recherchant un cadre, et du point de vue de ľorganis

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Interventions affecting producers and consumers of agricultural commodities are a major topic of public debate in Canada at present. The impact of federal interventions affecting eight commodities (wheal, barley, oats, potatoes, beef, pork, poultry and eggs) is examined using concepts of nominal and effective protection. Lessons to be drawn from this analysis are that intervention is much more pervasive than is often realized, and that decisions about altering intervention must be made commodity‐by‐commodity because the economic situation of each is unique.Les interventions affectant les producteurs el les consommateurs de denrées agricoles. est un sujet majeur de débat public au Canada, en ce moment. Ľimpact des interventions affectionnant huit denreés (le blé, ľorge. ľavoine, les pommes de terre. le hoeuf, le porc, la volaille el les oeufs) est examiné en utilisant des concepts de protection nominate et effective. Les conclusions devant être tirées de cette analyse, sont que ľintervention est beaucoup plus répandue que ľon peul le réaliser. et qu ‘il est conseillé. en ce qui concerne les modifications sur ľintervention. de procéder denrée par denrée. car la situation économique de chacu

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the last few years, minimum wage regulation and trade union organization have begun to extend into the Canadian agricultural sector, but there has been little discussion of the merits or problems to be expected from such an extension, nor of alternative forms of labor organization which may he possible. This paper reviews current provincial acts and regulations pertaining to agricultural workers and identifies considerable differences between provinces. A method of labor relations based on British agricultural wage hoards is introduced as an alternative to both minimum wages and trade unions, the three institutions are compared and evaluated in the context of recent research into labor relations, and finally the applicability of each to Canadian agriculture, with its unique production and organizational problems, is studied.Au cours de ces derníeres annèes, le règlement sur les salaires minimums ainsi que ľorganisation de syndicats. ont commencéà se développer dans le secteur agricole canadien. Cependant, il y a eu peu de discussions quant aux bienfaits et aux problèmes devant ètre escomptés ďune telle extension, de mème qu'au sujet ďautres formes possibles ďorganisations ouvrieres. Cet article examine les lots et les arrètés provinciaux en vigueur. relatifs aux travailleurs agricoles, et identifie des diffërences considérables enlre les provinces.Une méthode de relations ouvriers‐patronnat basée sur les commissions salariales pour ľagriculture en Grande‐Bretagne est présentée en tant qu'alternative en ce qui concerne à la fois les salaires minimums et les syndicats. Les trois institutions sont compareées el évaluées dans le contexte des recherches récentes sur les relations ouvriers‐patronnat, de méme qu ‘est étudiée ľapplicabilité de chacune ďentre elles àľagriculture canadienne, en tenant compte des problèmes de production et ďorganisation spècifiques à cette dernîere.SummaryThe first purpose of this paper is to argue that collective bargaining offers certain benefits which make its extension to the agricultural sector socially desirable. In particular, it has been suggested that collective bargaining can act to redress an imbalance in worker‐employer bargaining power, redistribute income, reduce worker alienation, and improve worker safety and security. However, it has also been noted that the prevailing system, in which trade unions employ the strike threat to enforce their demands, has two serious drawbacks when applied to the agricultural sector: the strike threat provides some groups of agricultural workers with inordinate amounts of bargaining power while, on the other hand, the difficulties of organizing disparate groups of workers produces the result that many groups are provided with very little bargaining power.In this light, the second major goal of the paper is to seek a system which might be able to provide the benefits of collective bargaining without the above‐mentioned drawbacks. One such system which was considered was that of setting statutory minimum wages. However, this system was rejected on the grounds that it provided no input from the affected workers; that it produced significant disemployment effects because it made no allowances for variations in working conditions and demographic characteristics; and that it restricted itself only to wages. For these reasons, British agricultural wages boards were examined. It was found that these boards offered many of the advantages, with few of the disadvantages, of collective bargaining and statutory minimum wages. However, as some minor drawbacks to the wages board system remain, consideration of the following system, modelled on the British wages boards, is suggested for Canada.Each province should establish a number of agricultural wages boards (e.g., one each for livestock, grain, and field‐crop workers) to determine any of those conditions of employment which would normally be considered to come within the purview of a trade union. In those sectors in which agricultural unions and farmers' organizations are active, worker and employer representation would be provided equally by those organizations. Where such organizations did not operate, however, representatives would be selected through a government‐supervised and organized vote within the appropriate constituency. Furthermore, in the latter case, the government would provide funds to support one or more full‐time representatives for each of the two groups, to deal with grievances and to collect information for the following round of negotiations.Initially, the government would have to select the independent members of the wages boards and outline the general procedures they were to follow. However, there is no reason why each individual board could not, in time, establish its own procedures and select its own independent members/arbitrators to meet the particular conditions of that sector.Relative to the use of strike‐backed collective bargaining, the primary advantages of the wage board system are that: the disruptive effects of strikes would not be felt; bargaining power between employers and employees would be equalized; and employer‐employee bargaining would not have to wait for the development of formal trade union structures. Relative to the use of statutory minimum wages, wages boards allow for the direct involvement of the parties who are to be affected by the wages orders, and provide an opportunity for the parties to regulate working conditions, grievance procedures, and fringe benefits as well as minimum wages.Whether one accepts the contention that agricultural wages boards represent the best of the alternative agricultural labor relations systems, it seems undeniable that a considered review of those systems is long overdue. If the industry itself does not put forward alternatives, either strike‐based collective bargaining, with its associated atmosphere of confrontation, or bureaucratically imposed minimum wages appear likely for the agricultural sector. A greater risk to fanners, it would seem, would be the spectre of facing unequal resources in the labor confrontation. Once organized, farm workers' unions can benefit from obvious economies of scale in organization and expertise. Individual farms have fewer resources and expertise with which to conduct all facets of labor negotiations. Of course such ability can be acquired by purchase and/or learning‐by‐doing, but it is likely to be expensive. In addition, attempts to establish countervailing power through producer organizations may be possible but organization and enforcement may also demand considerable resources. Therefore, it may be in the interest of producers to join in the search for improved institutions for labor relations. Organized labor, at the moment, seems reasonably open‐minded about what structure should be instituted in the agricultural sector:What most concerns the Canadian Labour Congress is the undeniable fact that most provincial labour legislation today enshrines the concept of the seasonal farmworker as an inferior human being. This should not be taken as an accusation that they are everywhere treated as inferior by their employers. only that they are legally designated as such by lawmakers who had neither the courage or imagination to tackle the problems associated with the peculiar nature of agricultural employment. [Reno]Unless some alternatives are presented to the political decision‐makers, however, one is likely to see

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper investigates the effect of disequilibrium prices on consumer and producer surplus in the U.S. fed beef market. An econometric model which allows for the possibility of prices that do not clear the market was used in the analysis. Results indicated that (I) the effect of disequilibrium prices in the U.S. fed beef market in the 1960s was relatively small compared to the 1970s and (2) recent price controls on beef caused price distortions that yielded surplus gains to consumers while producers suffered surplus losses.Cet article a pour but de déterminer ľeffet du déséquilibre des prix sur le surplus du consommateur et du producteur dans le marché des bovins ďalimentation, aux Etats‐ Unis. Dans cette analyse, nous avons utilisé un modele économétrique qui peut s'appliquer aux cas où les prix ne sonl pas à la situation ďéquilibre. Les résullats indiquent que: (1) ľeffet do déséquilibre des prix dans les années 60 aux Etats‐ Unit était relativement modeste compareéàľeffet enregistré dans les années 70; (2) les récents contrölles de prix imposés sur les bovins ont causé des distortions de prix. lesquelles distortions ont entrainé un accroissement du surplus du consommateur au d

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper uses linear programming to construct a set of single‐ and multi‐commodity models of spatial equilibrium within a competitive market. The models are based on grid linearization techniques which appear in the agricultural economics literature. First, a single‐commodity spatial equilibrium model is constructed and is shown to satisfy both the pricing and quantity conditions required to obtain a spatial competitive market equilibrium solution. Next, the model is extended to include multiple commodities. This extension lakes two forms. The first form slates the objective function as the sum of consumers' and producers' surplus, and requires the assumption that the cross‐price elasticity coefficients of supply and demand are symmetric. Finally, a model with asymmetric cross‐price elasticities is staled as a primal‐dual problem in which the constraints are the conditions necessary for a spatial competitive market equilibrium.Cet exposé présente un ensemble de modèles ďéquilibre spatial qui appartiennent à des denrées individuelles el multiples au marché de concours et qui sont construits dans le cadre de la programmation linéaire. La construction des modèles de programmation linéaire est fondée sur des techniques du quadrillage linéaire qui se montrent dans les revues ďéconomie rurale. Ďabord, un modèle ďéquilibre spatial ďune denrée individuelle est construit et on fait preuve que ce modèle remplit les conditions de prix el de quantité qui sont exigées pour qu ‘on peut se procurer des résultats. Ensuite le modèle de la denrée individuelle est étendu pour comprendre des denrées multiples. Ľauteur présente deu x formes du modèle étendu. Ďabord. un modèle est développé qui affirme la fonction économique sous la forme de la somme du surplus du producteur et celui du consommateur. Cette conformation exige que les élasticités prix‐croisées de ľoffre et de la demande soient symétriques. Enfin, un modèle dont les élasticités sont asymétriques est exprimé en fonction ďun problème primal‐dual, un problème oú les contraintes sont les conditions nécéssaires pour un équilibre spatial au marché de concours.SummaryBeginning with Samuelson's work, mathematical programming methods to solve spatial competitive market equilibria problems have appeared extensively throughout the agricultural economics literature. The vast majority of these mathematical programming models have been developed in terms of a quadratic programming framework. Duloy and Norton have shown how a quadratic objective function can be approximated as a linear objective function through the use of grid linearization techniques.A set of spatial competitive market equilibrium models for single and multiple commodities in a linear programming framework were presented in this paper. The linearization techniques used by Duloy and Norton provided a basis for constructing the linear programming whole. First, a single‐commodity spatial equilibrium model was constructed and shown to satisfy both the pricing and quantity conditions required for a competitive spatial equilibrium solution to be obtained.The single‐commodity model was extended to include multiple commodities. This extension took two forms. First, if the model objective function is stated in the form of Samuelson's “net social payoff‘ function, the commodity demand and supply functions must be assumed to be integrable. This assumption is consistent with the neoclassical assumptions of the theory of production, but creates a number of problems on the demand side. It is implied here that the demand cross‐price effects will be equal across all commodity prices. However, this will be true only for very restrictive cases.The second form of the multiple commodity model was designed to circumvent the integrability assumption. This was accomplished by specifying a primal‐dual problem in which the constraints are the necessary conditions for a spatial competitive market equilibria.Implementation of the models set out in this paper require a set of numerical initia

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3976    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7976.1983.tb01202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY