摘要:

AbstractIndustrial electrification trends since the oil embargo are examined to observe continuance (or reversal) of historic trends toward the increased use of electricity per unit of physical output. The focus is on 5 of the 20 Standard Industrial Classification groups (i.e., primary metals, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, stone/clay/glass, and chemicals), which are energy intensive and which together use 75% of the energy used in manufacturing.More electricity is being used now per unit of output than was used at the time of the embargo, and the direct use of fuels has declined. Nonutility generation of electricity has also declined 40%. Electricity purchases are now equivalent to 45% of all primary energy purchased for manufacturing. Specific examples of electricity purchased in 1981 compared to 1974 in kilowatt hours per kilogram of product include: steel, 0.46 to 0.61; petroleum refining, 0.23 to 0.28; paper, 0.55 to 0.66; plastic resins, 0.72 to 0.81; and glass, 0.43 to 0.46.

ISSN:0029-5639    

DOI:10.13182/NSE85-A18499

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIt appears likely that nuclear power plants can be operated safely in excess of the licensed 40 years. This conclusion is based on a systematic review of the plant systems and favorable experience in refurbishing old fossil plants, the Savannah River production reactors and the early British Magnox reactors. The technical areas that may present the greatest difficulty are the reactor pressure vessel, the electrical cable, and reinforced concrete structures. Utilities are also concerned about the difficulty of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s relicensing process, which has not as yet been defined. If license extensions can be obtained, utilities can afford to spend many hundreds of millions of dollars to achieve an additional ten or more years of operation. Nuclear plant life extension has favorable implications for the long-term price of electricity in systems containing nuclear power plants.

ISSN:0029-5639    

DOI:10.13182/NSE85-A18500

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractLight water reactor safety in the United States through the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident is reviewed and safety gains up to 1983 are assessed. The work was undertaken during 1982–1983 to support Alvin Weinberg’s“Second Nuclear Era Study.”Safety studies, such as the“Rasmussen Reactor Safety Study,”and accidents, such as TMI, disclosed deficiencies in the design basis accident technique and the lack of attention to human factors, including management. Operational problems also highlighted the fact that reactors grew too quickly in size and number for experience to be factored into designs, operating procedures, and regulations.Actions taken by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and by the industry following TMI are reviewed. Analytical and experimental programs on severe accidents are examined. Safety gains resulting from these activities and from improved quality of operation are assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. It was determined that a factor of 3 to 6 for core melt frequencies and of at least 10 for public risk have been achieved since TMI.

ISSN:0029-5639    

DOI:10.13182/NSE85-A18501

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe penetration of nuclear energy around the world is analyzed by logistic analysis. The results show that despite some ups and downs, nuclear use keeps up a regular rate of growth, and, worldwide, grows much faster than could be expected from previous regularities in the penetration of oil and gas. This growth may be attributed to the fact that nuclear energy found in the electrical grid a ready-made distribution network. The question of what network to develop next is crucial if the pace is to be kept.

ISSN:0029-5639    

DOI:10.13182/NSE85-A18502

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0029-5639    

DOI:10.13182/NSE85-A18478

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor