摘要:

Thermistor flowmeters were used to investigate the pumping activity ofArctica islandicatogether with five other subtidal and three intertidal bivalves. The subtidal species, with the exception ofChlamys opercularis,show an intermittent pattern of pumping activity of several minutes’ periodicity which is independent of phasic shell adduction. In contrast the intertidal species and the subtidalChlamyspump more or less continuously. The pumping behaviour ofArcticais modified under conditions of respiratory stress; the time spent pumping increases from 40–60 % to over 95% as the PO2of the ambient water is reduced from 160 mm Hg to 30–35 mm Hg. Continuous recordings were made of the PO2of the mantle cavity water ofArcticaduring normal pumping activity. The possible mechanism controlling pumping behaviour is discussed, together with the problems of determining bivalve respiration rates at defined levels of activity.

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378492

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Open jaws of tridentate and ophiocephalous pedicellariae snap shut when their inner surfaces are touched. Removal of pedicellariae from the sea‐urchin does not abolish such responses, and because of their autonomy they have been conveniently investigated in a special photoelectric recording apparatus. Their jaw movements were analysed to determine effective stimuli; receptor distribution; form of the response, its latency, speed and duration. The results have been interpreted in relation to the structure and probable role of these types of pedicellariae.

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378493

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Ragworms,Nereis diversicolor,kept under constant conditions were spontaneously active and performed a number of different responses. The initial reaction to stimulation from a variety of chemical, mechanical, light and electrical stimuli was usually posterior movement in the tube, and, on at least some occasions, this was probably a withdrawal reflex. Apart from this, there is evidence that stimulation affected the worms’ behaviour by accelerating, and to some extent modifying, the occurrence of patterns of behaviour which occur spontaneously in unstimulated worms. The performance of searching and reversal responses was certainly modified by stimulation, and data is presented which supports the hypothesis that their occurrence is regulated by mechanisms which balance the signals of the results of action (i.e. reinforcements) received by the animal. Food presents a complex stimulus situation and, in reacting to it, worms came successively into contact with a series of stimuli. These elicit different (reflex) responses and this, together with their effects on the occurrence of searching and reversal responses, resulted in them performing a sequence of responses.

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378494

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Several methods of recording locomotor activity patterns in marine animals are described. Particular emphasis is given to the use of uniselectors as memory stores and the delivery of stored data periodically to an electric typewriter for display, either numerically or graphically. Actograph design should take into account the normal behaviour of the experimental animals.

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378495

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The threat display of the gray reef shark(Carcharhinus menisorrah)results from a conflict between attacking and fleeing. The form of the display has been derived from the act of attacking (biting) prey and is regarded here as inhibited or intention attack of basically the same form as that directed to prey. Head up, and mouth open and moving, is incomplete biting. The position of the pectoral fins, one or both held straight down, provides resistance to body displacement when the head rips laterally through the prey. The arched back may be necessary when simultaneously raising the head to bite and lowering the tail to maintain equilibrium while continuing to swim. Since the behavior appears to communicate threat, selection will have favored an exaggeration of posture and the mode of progression.

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378496

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0091-181X    

DOI:10.1080/10236247409378491

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor