ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Researchers carrying out non-therapeutic research that involves the administration of drugs of abuse to human volunteers can be faced with many ethical and practical questions. The history of this type of research is relatively brief, with little in the way of published information relevant to carrying out behavioral pharmacological research with human participants. The aim of this article is to raise issues that occur in most studies of this type and to provide solutions that we have found acceptable and which have been approved by a variety of institutions and regulatory agencies. Clearly, there are other approaches that would work equally as well, and we are not attempting to provide 'the' answer to many of the issues raised. We believe that raising these issues and providing our perspectives is important for stimulating others to discuss them and for all of us to strive, where possible, to reach a consensus concerning ethical practices and to become aware of gaps and pitfalls. The topics discussed range from the nuts and bolts of acquiring and keeping track of drugs, to selecting research participants and designing ethical studies that protect our volunteers while still collecting scientifically useful data.

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The distinction in biology between homology and analogy is examined for possible application to studies in behavioural pharmacology. It is argued that the concept of homology is central to understanding the 'construct validity' of animal models of human cognition. It is suggested that we capitalize on known correspondences across species in brain structure and development which may mediate homologous behavioural functions. Manipulation of specific receptors in defined areas may be achieved by local and systemic administration of drugs with relatively specific actions; this will complement an alternative criterion of construct validity, based on clinical treatments. This argument will be illustrated by a critique of successful extrapolations across species that are sometimes initiated by work in animals and sometimes by work in humans, especially in the clinical setting. The examples used will include analyses of spatial working memory, spatial attention and attentional set-shifting, studied in rats, monkeys and humans.

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of covariation of subjective and discriminative drug effects as the dose of the discriminated training drug was progressively lowered. Six adult male volunteers with histories of opioid abuse, who were not currently physically dependent, were trained to discriminate the mu-receptor agonist hydromorphone (20 mg, oral) from placebo in daily sessions. They received financial reinforcement for correct responses. The hydromorphone training dose was then progressively reduced (20, 14, 10, 7, 5, and 3.5 mg) while the discrimination reinforcement contingencies remained in effect. Measures of subjective and physiological effects were concurrently collected during each discrimination session. As the training dose decreased, discriminative performance was generally well maintained, although the percent of drug–appropriate responses to hydromorphone did decline from 98% to 75%. The magnitude of the subjective and physiological effects of hydromorphone also decreased as the training dose decreased. At the lowest training dose, there were no physiological effects and few subjective effects of hydromorphone statistically different from placebo, although discrimination behavior remained statistically significant at all doses. These data indicate covariation of subjective effects and discrimination performance and suggest that discrimination behavior may be more sensitive for differentiating among drug conditions than traditional subjective effects measures.

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The discriminative stimulus effects of the imidazopyridine hypnotic zolpidem and the classic benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam were examined in seven healthy volunteers using a three-response drug discrimination procedure and a withinsubject design. During an initial sampling phase, the training drug conditions (placebo, 20 mg/70 kg zolpidem, and 0.5 mg/ 70 kg triazolam) were identified to subjects by letter codes before oral drug administration. During a subsequent training phase, subjects earned money for correct drug identifications made 3.75 h after drug administration. Five out of seven subjects acquired the three-response discrimination. Analyses of standardized and unstructured self-report questionnaires revealed that zolpidem and triazolam produced different profiles of effects; zolpidem was associated with a number of negative somatic symptoms including nausea, blurred vision, visual images/hallucinations, and heavy limbs, whereas triazolam was associated with greater sedative effects. These results demonstrate a distinct profile of discriminative stimulus and subjective effects for zolpidem, relative to triazolam, which is consistent with its somewhat distinct pharmacological profile, and provide evidence for the sensitivity of the three-response drug discrimination procedure for detecting between-drug differences.

ISSN:0955-8810    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID