摘要:

SUMMARYMalthus argued that maintenance of employment required maintenance of balance between those employed in ‘services’ and those employed in other lines of production. The former stimulated the latter to produce and provided a market for part of their outfit. Today we find some empirical support for Malthus's thesis in that the relative growth of employment in ‘services’ is playing an increasingly important role in the preservation of’ full’

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00991.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIt was at one time believed that St. Thomas Aquinas meant by the ‘just price’ a normal price dependent upon production costs rather than a fluctuating market price. This view has recently been challenged and it is now argued that the just price was the going market price. In one instance an attempt has been made to reconcile apparently divergent statements by Aquinas into a consistent whole by suggesting that the market price was envisaged as oscillating around costs in the neo‐classical manner.In this paper we shall argue that the evidence suggests that the just price was related to production costs within the medieval context of social status. On the other hand, it is also clear that at times the just price was considered to be the market price. Both versions are to be found depending upon the problem at hand; attempts to discern a single critereon of justice, even in the works of one man, may be misleading. We shall also argue that there is little evidence to show that Aquinas related the market price to production costs in the neoclassical fa

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00992.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper examines the source of variation in the capital coefficient for the United States private business sector during the 1909‐1959 period. These sources are the composition of capital, the age of capital, and the nature of technological progress. In the multiple regression and correlation analysis, these sources are measured by the ratio of plant to equipment, the weighted average age of the stock of capital, and a proxy time trend, respectively.The regression equations provide a high degree of explanation of the variation in the capital coefficient. The significant correlations involve the average age and the nature of technological progress in the 1923‐1941 period and the plant‐equipment ratio and the nature of technological progress in the 1946‐1959 period. In both periods the correlations between the time trend and the capital coefficient indicate that capital‐saving technological progress is the most impor‐tant factor contributing to the secular decline of the coefficient. In the earlier period, the capital‐saving bias to technological progress is reinforced by factors associated with the rising age of capital, while in the postwar period the falling plant‐equipment ratio tends to offset it somewhat. However, it appears that the intensity of the capital‐saving bias may be higher in the post‐war period than in the 1923‐1941 period.The implications of the falling capital coefficient for equilibrium growth are examined in terms of the Harrod‐Domar model. Since a capital‐saving bias in technological progress tends to cause the rate of growth of productive capacity to exceed the rate of growth of aggregate demand, it is suggested that the nature of technological progress may be one of the factors contributing to the secular GNP gap for the

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00993.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYKaldor's famous ‘Keynesian’ distribution fomula is very useful when considered as a tautological formulation of the coherence between investment, saving and income as circulatory components. But Kaldor puts the formula in a theoretical model in which full employment and a constant propensity to save were assumed. Furthermore, since he considered real investment as an ‘active’ factor, then conse‐quently income distribution is only a dependent variable.In the author's opinion, sociological and socio‐psychological factors are neglected by Kaldor. Two main cases are treated in the present paper. First, in a short‐term model the income‐political aims of employees must additionally be taken into account, because through this factor investment plans of enterprises are realizable only to a certain degree. Therefore the connections between investment and income distribution are not unilaterial, but reciprocal.On the other hand, to assume a constant propensity to save in a long‐term model is unrealistic. One can suggest, for example, that this propensity may be changed by wage policies. Consequently, not only investments but also labor market policies can change the long‐term

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00994.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe first part of the paper was concerned with consideration of the basic theorem on trade patterns when we move outside the usual ‘double model’. Two main cases were considered: (a) a situation where we have three of all relevant variables and, (b) a situation where we have three factors of production and two of each of the other variables. The nature of the discussion was such that we had to give full consideration to the definition and meaning of relative, factor‐intensities of the commodities and factor‐endowment positions. It was shown that in both (a) and (b) it is possible, contrary to some opinions, to derive meaningful statements of those relative positions. Given the relevant conditions it was observed that under both (a) and (b) the basic theorem could still be ‘valid’.The second part of the paper was concerned with the gains from trade in the usual ‘double model’. The recent work of Samuelson and of Kemp was extended, in general terms, in considering the gains

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00995.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe preparation of an educational curriculum involves three stages. The first of these is the subdivision of knowledge into sciences, and of these sciences into courses. This stage should be carried out principally by scientists. The second stage is the determination of the prerequisites for each course. These prerequisites include not only the knowledge, but also the capacities of the students. The determination of prerequisites should be carried out by educationists, psychologists and scientists. The third step involves the selection of which courses, out of the list of possibilities with their prerequisites, should actually be taught. For the above‐mentioned selection, some evaluation of the future benefits to be obtained from each course is required.The paper begins with the delimination of the three steps just mentioned. Then it is shown that the problem of selection in an optimum way of the courses which should be taught can be reduced to a quadratic programming problem. Finally, a method is presented for transforming such a problem into an integral linear programming proble

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00996.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00997.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00998.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb00999.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Andrews, P. W. S. OnCompetition in Economic Theory.Arrow, Kenneth.Social Choice and Individual Values.Cook, AliceH.Union Democracy: Practice and IdealCox, OeliverC.Capitalism as a System.Das‐Gupta, A. K.Planning and Economic Growth.DeScitovsky, Tibor.Papers on Welfare and Growth.Faaland, Just.Essays in the Theory of Trade DiscriminationFischler, Guido.Der britische Energiemarkt und die AtomkraftnutzungFriedlaender, AnnFetter.The Interstate Highway SystemFÜrstenberg, Friedrigh.Grundfragen der Betriebssoziologie.Gerfin, Harald.Langfristige WirtschaftsprognoseHarbison, Frederick, and Myers, CharlesA.Education, Man‐power and Economic GrowthHutchison, T. W.'Positive’ Economics and Policy Objectives.Levenson, AlbertM., and Solon, BabetteS.Outline of Price Theory.Marglin, StephenA.Approaches to Dynamic Investment PlanningMasiéri, W.Notions Essentielles de Statistique et Calcul des Probabiliés.Meade, JamesEdward.Efficiency, Equality and the Ownership of Property.Meade, JamesEdward.The Stationary EconomyNilson, StenSparre.Knut Hamsun und die Politik.Norgren, PaulH., and Hill, SamuelE.Toward Fair EmploymentOxenfeldt, AlfredR., and Holubnychy, Vsevolod.Economic Systems in Action: The United States, The Soviet Union, and France.Perroux, François.La pensée économique de Joseph Schumpeter.Reid, G. L., and Robertson, D. J. (Eds.).Fringe Benefits, Labour Costs and Social SecuritySurányi‐Unger, T.Studien zum Wirtschaftswachstum SÜdosteuropas.The Behaviour of Income SharesThomas, Konrad.Die betriebliche Situation der ArbeiterTraffic in Towns.Tschboldin, Boris.Essays on Tatar History.Weil, Eric.Philosophie der PolitikWionczek, M. S. (Ed.).Integración de América LatinaYaman

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1965.tb01000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY