摘要:

SUMMARYEveryday, in real life, the past is irrevocable and the future predicted with a margin of uncertainty. In a theoretical model, time can be frozen but it is a common error to confuse a comparison of static positions with a movement between them. E. H. Carrclaims that historians and natural scientist are alike in having given up the search for grand ‘laws’ and are now content to try to learn ‘how things happen’. To improve the status of economics it is necessary to get rid of logical contradictions, which involves eliminating the concept of static equilibrium; to guard against conception by ideological prejudice and to use the study of history, as it unfolds, to check up on the hypotheses that theory s

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYInterindustrial wage differences in West Germany are explained by trade unions’ pressure (unionism, strike intensity), sellers’ market power (concentration, profits, vertical integration, cartels, and international trade), and fluctuations among labour force. The inverse relationship between concentration and wages can, theoretically, be traced back to monopoly and it is suggested that concentration should primarily be considered as an indicator of monopoly power. Vertical integration of successive stages of production within a single firm appears to entail efficiency gains on balance whereas in the case of cartels of the kind permitted in West Germany, monopolizing and efficiency raising effects appear to just can

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIn recent years female participation rates in the labour force have increased considerably in most developed countries. This is partly due to generally changed attitudes among women, partly to changing proportions among women with different attitudes towards labour force participation. The article focuses on this latter idea and tries to present a typology of different groups and their ‘typical’ labour supply attitudes. Using the traditional model of choice between (paid) working time and ‘leisure’ (including unpaid work) some typical attitudes are illustrated for single women (primary workers), married women with children, the ‘target‐oriented’ additional worker, and the ‘emancipated’ woman. Certain conclusions are drawn under the additional assumptions that working hours cannot be freely chosen and that (desired) part‐time work or overtime m

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper reports on technical studies of the determinants of inflation which were undertaken for the seven major industrial countries and Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland in two distinct expectational frameworks. Both are designed to account for the empirical fact that changes in the rate of growth of the money supply (M2) affect both actual and expected inflation with a lag distributed over several years. It is found thatM2velocity is strongly procyclical. Furthermore, the underlying course of inflation since 1960 was influenced not only by money supply growth, but also by the changed longrun behavior of velocity and potential output imparting additional inflationary bias in most countries.

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper considers one aspect of the potential conflict between efficiency and politics. It analyzes the conditions under which a reelection‐seeking politician will find it in his interest to make efficient choices. The paper first presents a very unrealistic model in which there is no conflict between efficiency and the objectives of the government's chief executive. Under the more realistic assumptions developed in the rest of the paper, the politician can no longer be expected to be efficient. Even with no interjurisdictional spillovers and a single budget category, inefficiency arises from the basic political incentives generated by democratic institutions. There are two fundamental sources of inefficiency. First, the service may not be a pure public good so that particular individuals or firms may be favored more than others. The incumbent can then use state resources to maximize his probability of reelection at the expense of efficient tax and spending choices. Second, voters may have poor information about what the government is doing. The incumbent may then choose especially obvious ways of spending money or skew public decisions to favor campaign contributor

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02636.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis study develops and empirically tests a ‘scenario’ describing the evolution of a typical American multinational manufacturing corporation's (AMMC's) foreign research and development (R&D) activity. It finds that international differences in R&D factor costs probably have very little effect on R&D location decisions. The critical variables appear instead to be less traditional things like the time elapsed since theAMMCfirst engaged in foreign production. That such variables were discovered and emphasized in the study is a result of the ‘satisficing’ approach adopted in its ‘scenario’. In vindicating that approach, the paper's findings also show the need for economic theorizing to take explicit account of the fact that information costs something to obtain

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02637.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AhmadJaleel:Import Substitution, Trade and Development.BerendsenB. S. M.:Regional Models of Trade and Development.BinswangerHansP., RuttanVernonW., and others:Induced Innovation.ArndtHelmut:Irrwege der Politischen Ökonomie.BarryThomasand DeatonDavid:Labour Shortage and Economic Analysis.BÉziadeMonique:La monnaie.CoulboisPaul:Finance Internationale.DeissJoseph:Monnaie et Prix internationaux.BrooksJohnand EvansRobertW.:Macroeconomic Policy in Theory and Practice.CookS. T. and JacksonP. M. (Eds.):Current Issues in Fiscal Policy.EcksteinOtto:The Great Recession.FraenkelGioachino:Elementi di teoria e di politica monetaria.FreemanA. Myrick, III:The Benefits of Environmental Improvement.GuindeyGuillaume:Mythes et Réaltiés de la Crise Monétaire Internationale.HazariBharatR.:The Pure Theory of International Trade and Distortions.HettlageRobert:Genossenschaftstheorie und Partizipationsdiskussion.HicksJohn:Economic Perspectives.JohansenLeif:Lectures on Macroeconomic Planning.MajorRobin(Ed.):Britain's Trade and Exchange‐Rate Policy.PassetRenÉ:L'économique et le vivant.RollEric(Ed.):The Uses and Abuses of EconomicsRostowW. W.:Getting from Here to There.TeighmannUlrich:Wirtschaftspolitik.VaneHowardR. and ThompsonJohnL.:Monetarism.WilliamsPh. L.:The Emergence of the Theory of the Firm.WollArtur(Hrsg.):I

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02638.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY