摘要:

SUMMARYAdditional discussions of transfers have pointed out that they are essentially costless to society as a whole. This article discusses the investment of resources in obtaining transfers or attempting to avoid transfers away from ego. In any situation in which transfers are likely, it must be assumed that profit‐seeking individuals will invest resources in attempting to get them or prevent them, if the transfer is away from some individual. The problem is discussed in the areas of voluntary charity, bargaining, governmental income redistribution, theft, and wa

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGInterdependenz im Konsum lasst sich in der Edgeworth‐BoxdurchgeschlosseneIndifferenzkurven veranschaulichen. Der Autor fiihrt zwei solche Indifferenzkurventypen ein, nämlich kreisförmige and ellipsenförmige Indifferenzkurven (letztere als NASH‐Produkt bekannt) and fragt nach deren Auswirkungen auf die Gestalt der Kontraktkurve.Hat ein Individuum eine Nash‐Produkt‐Nutzenfunktion, das andere eine Cobb‐Douglas‐Nutzenfunktion, so fällt die Kontraktkurve mit der Diagonalen der Edgeworth‐Boxzusammen. Sie zerfällt uberdies in eine Kooperations‐ und eine Konfliktkurve. Das der klassischen Theorie zuwiderlaufende Ergebnis teilweiser Kooperation auf der Kontraktkurve erklärt sich aus der Geschlossenheit des einen Indifferenzkurvensystems, was für das betreffende Individuum einen Punkt maximalen Nutzens (Blisspunkt)im Innernder Box beinhaltet. Die Kooperationskurve erstreckt sich vom Ursprung des Individuums mit den offenen Indifferenzkurven bis zum Blisspunkt des anderen Individuums. In diesem Bereich bedeutet eine Nutzenerhöhung des einen Individuums auch eine Nutzenerhöhung des anderen. Erst bei Überschreiten des Blisspunktes setzt die Konfliktkurve ein, die allein eigentlich die Kontraktkurve im traditionellen Sinn verkörpert.Wird anstatt dem Nash‐Produkt eine Nutzenfunktion mit konzentrischen Kreisen als Indifferenzkurven für das eine Individuum verwendet, so ändert sich an den grundlegenden Ergebnissen nichts. Die Kontraktkurve ist, anstatt linear verlaufend, Ast einer Hyperbel and verlauft nicht von Nullpunkt zu Nullpunkt, sondern schneidet je nach Parameterkonstellation die horizontalen oder vertikalen Seiten der Edgeworth‐Box.Besitzen beide Individuen geschlossene Indifferenzkurven, so sind zwei Fälle zu unterscheiden. Liegt der Blisspunkt beider Personen ausserhalb der jeweiligen Budgetrestriktion, so verbindet eine normale Kontraktkurve die beiden Blisspunkte. Liegen die Blisspunkte im Innern der Budgetrestriktion, so besteht wegen des Überangebots kein Tauschproblem, die Preise sinken auf Null. Sind negative Preise zugelassen, so ist die Kontraktkurve zwischen den beiden Blisspunkten wieder von Bedeutung. Sie muss jedoch im negativen Sinne interpretiert werden: der negative Nutzen aus den Gutern fur das eine Individuum nimmt nur

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEinige einfache Postulate fur die Arbeitsteilung in eincr bürokratischen Organisation werden aufgestellt and das hierarchische Prinzip wird abgeleitet. Unter gewissen Bedingungen ergibt sich eine konstante Kontrollspanne als die effizienteste Struktur. Die Verteilung der Ränge erzeugt eine Einkommensverteilung, welche im einfachsten Falle paretianisch ist. Aggregation über Organisationen überträgt diese Verteilung auf die Volkswirtsc

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00626.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYAlthough external economies play a key role in AlfredMarshall'S theory of production, his analysis of it is felt to be rather inadequate. Regarding its importance in the Marshallian schema, we have only to remember that it is the existence of external economies, and not, as DennisRobertsonsuggests, the representative firm, which reconciles declining long‐run average cost and pure competition. Yet there has been virtually nothing done to empirically test for the existence or significance of such external economies.In a way, this is not surprising since it is, in fact, very difficult to even theoretically conceive of, let alone test for, examples of external economies that are compatible or consistent with the Marshallian partial equilibrium approach. Professor JacobViner, and later Professor Haberler, offer as a partial defense of Marshall'S theory a rather amorphous type of external economy which may be characterized as ‘institutional’,viz., the ‘case of laborers (and this may also be true of capitalists) who have a preference, rational or otherwise, for working in a large industry’.What is done in this paper is to test for the presence of this ‘institutional’ external economy within a multiple correlation framework. The study concludes that there is generally not evidence of significant external economies operating through the ‘institutional’ factor of industry size. Instead there is evidence of exte

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00627.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe article explores in the framework of a two‐period model if and under what conditions Böhm‐Bawerk'spretention is correct, that the superiority of roundabout production processes leads to a positive interest rate. It is assumed that a central planning agency maximizes a social welfare function which has the available amounts of the single consumer good in both periods as its arguments. Production technique is given by three linear‐limitational production processes. In the first production process the consumer good is produced by labor only, in the second by labor and a capital good, in the third the capital good is produced by labor and the capital good. The produced capital good has an infinite life span (no depreciation) and can be used for production not earlier than in the following period. With the production technique described the meaning of greater productivity of roundabout production processes is exactly definable without the use of an average production period.Starting from this model the optimality conditions for optimal quantities and optimal shadow prices are derivcd, using the theorems of Kuhnand Tucker.After defining the rate of interest it is shown that with greater productivity of roundabout production processes there is always a positive interest rate if not the highest possible capital good production takes place and if there is no capital good saturation. In these cases, too, a positive interest rate is possible, but this depends on other conditions than the superiority of roundabout production processes, e.g. a positive time preference. A stationary state without capital saturation can only come into being with a positive time preference and implies always a positive interest rate.Finally, some growth aspects of the model are considered. It is shown that population growth favours the existence of a positive interest rate because it tends to impede or remove capital satu

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00628.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper argues that definite statements can not be made on a priori grounds alone regarding the behavior of interest rates, rates of money growth, and rates of price change as they relate to the ‘ease’ or ‘tightness’ of money. The basic analytical framework is the familiar Metzler‐type model with monetary and fiscal controls added to allow the government to conduct open‐market operations and levy a lump‐sum income tax. This framework is extended in such a manner that explicit recognition is given to the effects of the rate of growth of the nominal money supply on the simultaneous determination of the nominal interest rate, the real interest rate, the rate of growth of real output, and therate of inflation (

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00629.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYRecent studies have shown that non‐tariff barriers (NTBs) may significantly affect the pattern of international trade, and it follows that they may have substantial bearing on trade preferences for developing countries as well. Thea prioriimpact of NTBs and related empirical studies on the subjcct, as well as the theoretical effects of the generalized preferences, are discussed briefly. The study goes on to explore the pattern of non‐tariff distortions among the developed marketeconomy countries (DMECs) in the form of product frequency‐of‐application distributions, and relates them to the corresponding profiles of national and regional preference offers. In addition to indicating the sensitivity of various industrial sectors to the possibility of preferences‐induced market disruption, the paper focuses on the degree of commonality of NTB profiles and the pattern of preference offers. A great deal of correspondence is found in the product‐distributions of both NTB and preference patterns, although there is virtually no evidence that the same product groups heavily subject to NTBs also tend to be incorporated in the preference offers. This however does not preclude the possibility of serious NTB‐neutralization of preferences applied to individual manufactured and semi‐manufactured products, nor does it deny the likelihood that built‐in safeguard mechanisms attending individual preference offers may lead to significant uncertainty‐induce

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00630.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYFrequent controversies on the mathematical consistency and the economic significance of measures of concentration suggest an analysis of the principles of concentration measurement. The well‐known division in concentration measures and inequality measures is formalized with a catalogue of desirable properties of these measures. This way, a qualifying concentration measure corresponds to an inequality measure, andvice versa. The discussion of some concentration measures shows the superiority of the entropy measure because of its axiomatic foundation. However, antitrust authorities may prefer simpler measures such as the recently proposed ‘comprehensive concentration index’ and the ‘concentration ratios’ to observe concentrated industries. On the other hand, the entropy measure should be applied for a more detailed analysis of the dynamics of economic conc

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1971.tb00633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY