摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper investigates some of the determinants of the decline in corporate profits as a share of national income in six industrial countries. First, it presents evidence that much of the decline in the profits share has resulted from changes in the distribution of gross profits among dividends, interest, and retained earnings, apparently due to rising corporate debt/equity ratios. Second, the paper examines the cyclical behavior of the gross profits share. Estimates of the normal cyclical behavior of profits shares suggest that much of the recent decline in profits shares is a normal response to weak economic activity. Finally, the techniques used to estimate cyclically normal profits shares suggest that in most of these countries the profits share has been below its full‐employment level during the 1970'

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00795.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Wirtschaft and Politik wird durch politisch‐ökonomische Modelle empirisch erfasst. Es fragt sich, welche wirtschaftspolitischen Möglichkeiten bestehen, wenn die Regierung einen endogenen Bestandteil des politisch‐ökonomischen Systems bildet. Als Ansatzpunkte bieten sich die Information and Beeinflussung der Präferenzen der Wähler und der Regierung, die Veränderung der wirtschaftlichen Einschränkungen des Handlungsspielraumes der Regierung and der Verfassungsvertrag an. Die Ratschläge werden grundsätzlichim Interesseder wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidungsträger gegeben – und nichtunabhängigodergegensie. Diese neue Sicht wird der herrschenden Lehre der (quantitativen) Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik (insbesondere der Theorie optimaler Steuern) sowie der Theorie rationaler Erwartungen g

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der Literatur zur Umweltökonomie werden zahlreiche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Instrumenten Standards and Steuern behauptet; so etwa bezüglich der statischen and dynamischen Eflizienz, der Überwachungskosten, der Sicherheit der Reaktion auf ein eingesetztes umweltpolitisches Instrument usw. Einigedieser Unterschiede werden hier kritisch analysiert. Das Ergebnis ist, dass häufig (ausser im Fall der bekannten statischen allokativen Ineffizienz von Standards) unzulässige Vergleiche angestellt werden and die Unterschiede bei korrekter Analyse verschwinden. Aberes wird auch eine Situation beschrieben, in der sich Standards and Steuern tatsächlich voneinander unterscheiden and in der die Wahl des richtigen Instruments wichti

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00797.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIn trade negotiations under fixed exchange rates governments insist on reciprocity mainly to ensure that the adverse impact of import barrier reductions on the balance‐of‐payments and on employment is offset through concurrent trade liberalization abroad. In negotiations under floating currencies reciprocity is not necessary for these purposes because governments can then liberalize unilaterally and let the resulting depreciation equilibrate payments and stimulate a reallocation of resources. In such negotiations reciprocity serves to reduce the political costs of trade liberalization. Applying Downss' economic theory of democracy, the paper shows that governments can win majority support for freer trade only if they subsidize the acquisition or use of information enabling producers and consumers benefitting from the reduction of import barriers to decide to favour the measures. Governments prefer to liberalize trade on a reciprocal basis because this creates easily demonstrable benefits for narrow interest groups and therefore reduces the need for such subsidizat

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYColonial rule reflects itself in disproportionately strong trade ties between the colonies and their mother country. The example of the old British Dominions is sometimes cited to suggest that this is the result of cultural and linguistic ties rather than of colonialist exploitation. To evaluate the effect of such cultural ties on trade we examine the trade share held by Spain in the Spanish‐speaking countries of Latin America. It is shown that in the early 1960s no effects of cul‐tural ties were visible. They had however, become apparent by the beginning of the following decade, in the wake of Spain's rapid industrial growth. Thus while cultural ties are conducive to trade, they are by no means a sufficient condition for

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00799.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe paper is a result of a research conducted in six African French speaking countries in the years 1962–1975. The objective of the study was to learn about the attitudes of foreign assistance personnel, national counterparts their interaction as agents of development. The major findings obtained were: (a) Foreign experts, particularly of multilateral assistance, experience anxiety concerning their professional and occupational career. They are very critical to the qualities of their counterparts, the envisaged pace of development and their own institutional headquarters. Senior experts are less inclined to invest in counterpart training than are their young colleagues. A high negative correlation exists between seniority of experts and the rate of progress they envisage. (b) Scarcity of capable national counterparts is still an obstacle to many projects. Their major weakness is lack of motivation rather than formal education or vocational training. Preference for multilateral assistance indicates a desire for cooperation with donor which is politically neutral. (c) Most experts (58%) envisaged a meaningful breakthrough of the developing countries in more than 50 years, while majority (79%) of the counterparts foresaw substantial progress within 20 years. Most experts (79%) pointed to human and administrative drawbacks as major obstacles to development, as compared with only 15% of the local counterparts. The majority (76%) of the latter believe that the major obstacles are due to lack of capital and equipment. Nevertheless the vast majority (87%) of local counterparts were of the opinion that the contribution of foreign assistance personnel development is necessary or rather essential, compared within only 34% among experts of a similar opinio

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00800.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00801.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

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ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY