摘要:

SUMMARYThe higher degree of description is reached when a field becomes amenable to the use of the axiomatic method. In economics this state has been reached only recently in the establishment of a numerical utility. In general, it is difficult to know what to describe and how to measure; both require precise concepts. Current economic descriptions lack both very often, in particular the whole area of psychological factors, decisions, etc., escape the essentially physical descriptions of economic phenomena.Good predictions are the ultimate test of theory but also false theories often have a surprising power to predict. Thus, this matter is much more complicated than normally assumed.Even descriptive theories can be interpreted as ‘normative’ provided they are convincing to the user. The implied norm is often a prohibition, as for example, in the statement that one should not try to build aperpetuum mobile. If a state of society is commonly accepted which sanctions private property, then the norm follows that one ought not to steal. This is different from normative value statements that derive solely from other no

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA number of debates have taken place among Western economists about efficient allocation under ‘socialism’, interplay of objectives and controls under alternative modes of socialist organization’, and about ways of classifying ‘socialist’ changes and transitions. The paper presents the main thrusts of these debates and examines various interpretations of the concept of a ‘socialist economy’ including those originating in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The study is comprised of three parts. The first considers the attempts todefinepolar types of ‘socialist organization’. The second discusses efforts to ascertain the rationale of socialistchangesand to determine the direction of such changes. The third examines the key problems involved in thetransitionfrom one

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper ties together two recent important contributions to the analysis of fiscal federalism, namely when public goods spillovers and tax exportation exist simultaneously. In a two‐region analysis, with resources immobile, the analysis demonstrates that it may be to the advantage of a net tax ‘importing’ region to remain in a federation whenever the net tax ‘exporting’ region increases its production of a mutually beneficial good or service. Relaxing the assumption of resource immobility, the paper investigates the conditions in which a tax ‘importing’ region may find itself ‘better off’ than in the no tax ‘importation’ case.This paper also investigates standard notions of tax efficiency and illustrates that with tax exportation, previous notions of tax efficiency must be qualified. Furthermore, it is shown that due to tax distortions, it is possible for all parties to be made ‘better off’ through some form of tax harmonization, but it is to the advantage of no single region to co

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe article focusses on a methodology for revealing policy preference functions pertaining to the subjective trade‐off between unemployment and price stability. Community group indifference maps are constructed by a method of policy pairwise comparison. An empirical application is envisaged in a Canadian context with reference to the preference functions of business and tradeunion groups. Optimal group policy configurations are derived by maximizing the preference functions subject to the relations of the ‘trade‐off zone’. The effects on unemployment and inflation are analysed in terms of parametric variations of the preference function and the Phillips curve. The underlying policy implications are di

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYSolow's famous contribution to the theory of economic growth is based on the assumption that the savings proportions are the same for all income earners. In this study this restrictive premise is replaced by the assumption that the savings proportions vary according to the different groups of income earners.This paper sets out to analyse the resultant consequences for the long‐run equilibrium growth. One essential result is that both the overall savings proportion and the capital‐output‐ratio are flexible. Their steady‐state solutions are, in contrast to the respective solutions in Solow’s original paper, dependent on the form of the production function.Moreover, there can be derived certain conditions for the special long‐run equilibrium of the Neo‐Classical Theorem, which are implying no specific restrictions on the savings proportions of the various groups. Besides, there is shown that on these conditions not only a maximum of total consumption per man is achieved but also an equal distribution of consumption amo

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYDoes export instability interfere with economic development? Work by McBeananswers in the negative. He finds no systematic relationship between instability and economic growth. This paper asks three questions about McBean's work: (1) Has he measured the relevant variables appropriately? (2) Were special factors at work in the period he studied (1950‐58) ? (3) Was his sample of countries representative? It presents a broader statistical analysis, using a different index of instability, two decades of data, and more countries. In general, the findings do not contradict McBean. But calculations using different time periods (1950‐66 and 1956‐67) do produce some evidence of interference. Furthermore, the paper finds one new relationship—a strong inverse connection between instability and thelevelof investment in developing co

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY