摘要:

SUMMARYThe traditional gravity model has often been applied to international trade flows, especially to analyze trade creation and trade diversion. However, there are two fundamental objections to the model: it cannot describe substitutions between flows, and it lacks a cogent theoretical foundation. A newly developed model, the Extended Gravity Model (EGM), overcomes these objections. An empirical test strongly rejects the gravity model in favour of the EGM. The empirical analysis also proves that the gravity model widely overestimates the influence of the determinants of international trade. The EGM encompasses several models originating in regional economics, and can be applied usefully to a variety of subjects.

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00683.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIn this paper, it is argued that average tax rates exert an influence on income tax evasion separate from, and opposite to that of marginal tax rates. Failure to account for this effect in empirical evasion models biases the parameter estimate of the marginal rate in a predictable manner. Evidence from an aggregate empirical model of evasion in the US indicates that the marginal tax rate is positively related to evasion, whereas the average tax rate is negatively related. Further, exclusion of the average rate from the model does in fact bias the parameter estimate of the marginal tax rate.

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00684.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis article is concerned with the development and empirical application of a behavioural model of government policies. A short discussion of the existing models in this field, such as reaction‐function models, voting models, and interest group models, is given. A simple model of government behaviour is presented, using the so called interest function approach. In the model a central role is allocated to the own interests of government sector workers (politicians and bureaucrats). The interests of social groups outside the government organization are taken into account by the government through factors such as mobility (probability of becoming a member of another group) and pressure through political parties or otherwise. This leads to the formulation of what is called a complex interest function for the government which is maximized to determine its behaviour. The model is applied to The Netherlands (1921‐1985). A striking outcome is that the numerical strengths of the three social groups that are actively involved in the production process, to wit government and private sector workers, and self‐employed, appear to be determinant for the overall tax rate and the relative level of government expend

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00685.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA new awareness of the major issues in the contemporary philosophy of science is one of the most remarkable features of current debates on economic methodology. Under the prevailing influence of POPPER'S writings, for example, it has been repeatedly maintained that POPPERianfalsificationismought to be regarded as the propermethodologicalframework for the appraisal ofeconomic theories. More recently, it has also been argued we should see POPPERianfallibilismas the rightepistemologicalperspective for approaching the problem of agents' behaviour in economic theory. This paper suggests that both such perspectives are doomed to failure: the former because of the heuristic nature of most economic theories, the latter for having overlooked the sharp contrast between ‘practical’ and ‘scientific’ rationality which is so typical of POPPERian epistemology. As often the case when methodology is concerned, criticism is easier than the provision of a sound alternative. We suggest, however, that afallibilist economistand afalsificationist economic mancould do economics a much better service than vic

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSättigung bedeutet, dass der Grenznutzen des Einkommens abnimmt und die Arbeitsmotivation sinkt. Die beobachtbare Konsequenz von Sättigung müsste also eine Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit bei den vergleichsweise Reicheren sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Schlussfolgerung falsch ist. Im Gegenteil und scheinbar paradox gilt: Sättigung wird sich eher in Form von höheren Einkommensforderungen, also gewissermassen als Gier äussern. Umgekehrt kann es jenen, die mit der Zufriedenstellung ihrer Mindestansprüche kämpfen, passieren, dass sie bei niedrigeren Lohnsätzen enden, wenn sie ihre Ansprüche reduzieren, um weniger arbeiten

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYModern economics has expanded beyond treating economic institutions as exogenous. This paper applies public choice and modern regulatory theory to the twentiethcentury Roman Catholic Church and attempts to discover why the decision was made in 1966 to absolve Catholics from the requirement that meat not be eaten on most Fridays of the year. We provide a cartel analysis of the institutional backdrop and power structure of the College of Cardinals within the Church. In this framework, self‐interest, the geographic production of beef and fish, and the expanded number of voters in the College of Cardinals are the keys to understanding why Pope PAUL VI decided to change the relative price of meat and to alter penance rules in 196

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this ArticleAUBIN, JEAN‐PIERRE; SAARI, DONALD and SIGMUND, KARL (eds.):Dynamics of MacrosystemsBECKER, WILLIAM E. and WALSTAD, WILLIAM B. (eds.):Econometric Modeling in Economic Education ResearchBLIEN, UWE:Unternehmensverhalten und ArbeitsmarktstrukturBÖBEL, INGO:Wettbewerb und IndustriesektorBREIT, WLLIAM and SPENCER, ROGER W. (eds.):Lives of the Laureates. Seven Nobel EconomistsCLARKE, ROGER:Industrial EconomicsCORDEN, W. MAX:Protection, Growth and TradeDONALD, DAVID HERBERT:Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas WolfeEASTMAN, BYRON D.:Interpreting Mathematical Economics and EconometricsHANNAN, E. J.:Time Series AnalysisFITZROY, FELIX R. und KRAFT, KORNELIUS (Hrsg.):Mitarbeiterbeteiligung und Mitbestimmung im UnternehmenHALPERIN, MORTON H.:Nuclear Fallacy: Dispelling the Myth of Nuclear StrategyHARCOURT, G. C. and HAMOUDA, C. F. (eds):Controversies in Political EconomyHÖDL, ERICH/MÜLLER, GERNOT (Hrsg.):Die Neoklussik und ihre KritikHOGARTH, ROBIN M, and REDER, MELVIN W. (eds.):Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and PsychologyJÄNICKE, MARTIN; SIMONIS, UDO ERNST und WEIGMANN, GERD (Hrsg.):Wissen für die UmweltKIERZKOWSKI, HENRYK (ed.):Monopolistic Competition and International TradeKÖLLNER, LUTZ:Rüstung und EntwicklungSCHMÄHL, WINFRIED et al.:Soziale Sicherung 1975‐1985. Verteilungswirkungen sozialpolitischer Massnahmen in der Bundesrepublik DeutschlandSNOWDEN, P. N.:Emerging Risk in Internati

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-5962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY