摘要:

The pharmacokinetics of detomidine, a novel analgesic sedative, was studied in the major target species after high (80 μg/kg) i.v. and i.m. doses. In addition, drug residues in some organs were determined. Concentrations were measured using a sensitive, detomidine‐specific radio‐immunoassay method. Rapid absorption following i.m. dosing occurred. Absorption half‐lives were 0.15 h (horse) and 0.08 h (cattle). The mean peak concentration in the horse (51.3 ng/ml) was achieved in 0.5 h and in the cow (65.8 ng/ml) in 0.26 h. The areas under the concentration curve after i.m. dosing were 66% (horse) and 85% (cow) of the corresponding i.v. values. Distribution was rapid with half‐lives of 0.15 h (horse, i.v.) and 0.24 h (cow, i.v.). The apparent volume of distribution was higher after the i.m. dosing (horse 1.56 Vkg, cow 1.89 l/kg) than after i.v. dosing (horse 0.74 l/kg, cow 0.73 Vkg). Elimination half‐lives were 1.19 h (horse) and 1.32 h (cow) for the i.v. dose and 1.78 h (horse) and 2.56 h (cow) for the i.m. dose. Total clearances ranged from 6.7 (horse, i.v.) to 12.3 (cow, im.) ml/min/kg. Renal clearances were less than 1 % of the total clearances showing negligible excretion of the drug in urine and suggesting elimination by metabolism. A cross‐reacting metabolite in urine corresponded to less than 1.5% of the detomidine dose's immunoreactivity. High‐dose detomidine increased urine flow significantly. Excretion of detomidine in milk in cattle was extremely low. No detectable amounts were present 23 h after dosing. Jktomidine did not accumulate in tissues. All tissue concentrations measured 48 h after dosing were less than 3% of the original dose per weight unit. Both magnitude and duration of the drug's action closely paralleled its serum pharmacokinetics. In this respect no difference between equine and bovine specie

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A soft‐tissue infection model was created in eight horses by infecting subcutaneous tissue chambers withStreptococcus zooepidemicusorganisms. Responses of the horses to the infections were determined by monitoring changes in the complete blood count and body temperature and by following changes in the cytology and protein content of the tissue chambers. Systemic reactions to the infections included a mild neutrophilia, mild pyrexia and mild anemia. There was a marked influx of neutrophils and protein into the chambers after they were seeded with bacteria and chamber neutrophil viability decreased markedly at the height of the infection. Subsequent to establishing tissue chamber infections four of the horses were treated with intravenous cephapirin t.d. at a dosage of 20 mg/kg for 5 days. Quantitative culturing of tissue chamber fluid was performed to analyze the efficacy of cephapirin therapy. Cephapirin therapy was accompanied by decreases in the systemic neutrophilia, pyrexia, anemia, and chamber bacterial counts. However, cephapirin did not eliminate the infection in any of the chambers. Chamber neutrophil viability was markedly increased during the cephapirin therapy perio

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics were studied in unweaned calves. The antibiotic was administered at 10 mg/kg to six calves i.v., to 12 calves i.m. and to ten of the previous 12 calves i.m. at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Intramuscular doses of cefuroxime alone at 20 mg/kg were given to seven calves; to five of these calves cefuroxime was also given together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg and at 80 mg/kg. The serum concentration‐time data were analyzed using statistical moment theory (SMT). The elimination half‐life (t1/2) was 69.2 min (harmonic mean) after i.v. and 64.8 min and 64.9 min following i.m. administration of the lower and higher dose, respectively. Co‐administration of probenecid did not affect thet1/2. The mean residence time (MRT) was 80.9 ± 23.5 min (mean ± SD) after i.v. and 117.8 ± 9.3 min and 117.7 ± 5.4 min after i.m. administration of cefuroxime at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. TheMRTi.m. following administration of cefuroxime at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg was 140.0 ± 8.8 min. TheMRTi.m. values were 132.8 ± 2.3 min and 150.8 ± 5.1 min after cefuroxime was given at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg, respectively. The total body clearance (ClT) was 3.56 ± 1.11 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) 0.270 ± 0.051 1/kg. TheMIC90values of cefuroxime were 16 μg/ml forE. coliandSalmonellaisolates, 0.5 μg/ml forPasteurella multocidaand 2.0 μg/ml

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tiamulin {14‐deoxy‐14[(2‐diethylaminoethyl)‐mercaptoacetoxy]‐mutilin} hydrogen fuma‐rate is a semisynthetic antibiotic. It is clinically effective against pathogenic mycoplasma organisms, e.g.Treponema hyodysenteriae, a large number of Gram‐positive and some Gram‐negative organisms (Drewset al., 1975). Tiamulin has been shown, under controlled laboratory conditions (Laber&Schutze, 1975; Baughnet al., 1978) and against natural infection under field conditions (Stipkovitset al., 1977), to control respiratory tract infections effectively involvingMycoplasma galliseptkumin chickens and turkeys. It has also been demonstrated that tiamulin could be used as an aid in the control of avian coccidiosis produced byEimeria acervulinaandE. tenellain broilers chickens (Cruthe

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sulfamethazine has been used in therapy of equine disease for over 40 years (Welshet al, 1946). Although sulfamethazine appears to be well absorbed when fed mixed with grain and is reported to reach its peak concentration 8 h after administration, its oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics have not been reported (Schroederet al., 1948; Meieret al, 1980). The purpose of the present study was to determine the major pharmacokinetic values and the oral bioavailability of sulfamethazine at a dosage predicted to produce therapeutic blood concentrations in the pony.

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

2‐Pyridine aldoxime methochloride (2‐PAM), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator, is widely used in the treatment of organophos‐phate intoxication in man and animals (Taylor, 1980; Hatch, 1982). Among other factors, the therapeutic efficacy of AChE reactivators is dependent on the use of a suitable dosage regimen, so that during the course of therapy the concentration of drug in blood and target organs should not fall below the minimum effective concentration. Disposition kinetics of 2‐PAM have been calculated in man and laboratory animals (Sidell&Groff, 1971; Swartz&Sidell, 1974; DasGuptaet al., 1979). In the present study we have investigated disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of 2‐PAM and its effects on various blood enzymes in male buffalo calves after a single intravenous admin

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE by J. F. Prescottand J. Desmond Baggot Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford, 1988 367 pp., J. A. REYNOLDSON

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY