摘要:

SummaryThe Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is a pilot project funded through the USDA Extension Service. It represents a major effort to compile into a single source large amounts of information on veterinary pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of drugs and other chemicals used in livestock production. FARAD is a computer‐based system consisting of five data and numerous command files that access the data files to facilitate rapid input and retrieval of the desired information. The data files include (1) proprietary information on all pharmaceutical products approved for use in food animals in the United States; (2) physicochemical information on more than 100 chemicals contained in the databank; (3) regulatory information pertaining to tolerance and action levels of chemical residues in animal products and allowable concentrations of drugs in feed; (4) pharmacokinetic rate and volume constants pertinent to residue depletion modeling in a variety of species; (5) bibliographic citations to which all of the information contained in the databank is referenced. All of the information in FARAD is currently available through three regional access centers in the United States, and direct computer access to the data may become available in the futur

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the search for second generation post‐coital pregnancy terminating agents belonging to the class of 2‐phenyl‐triazole[5, l‐a]isoquinolines, the contragestational profile of (1, 1 ′‐biphenyI)‐4‐yl‐1, 2, 4‐triazole[5, l‐a]isoquinoline, referred to as L 14105, was investigated in hamsters, rats and bitches. Following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration in oily vehicles, L 14105 shows a very high anti‐fertility activity in the three animal species, being from 1.8 to 2.5 times more effective than the parent drug, DL 717‐IT. Unlike DL 717‐IT, L 14105 possesses a high activity when administered by the oral route. The results obtained in the bitch make it confirm its potential use as a new orally active agent for the interrupt

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of induced fever on the plasma concentrations and disposition kinetics of chloramphenicol (CHPC) was studied in adult goats. Fever was induced and maintained for 12 h by injectingEscherichia coltendotoxin (0.1 μ/kg, i.v.) and repeating it at half the dose (0.05 μ/kg) 8 h later. Pharmacokinetics of CHPC was studied in both normal(n= 6) and febrile (n = 6) animals following intravenous administration of CHPC Na‐succinate (25 mg/kg). Intramuscular bioavailability of the drug was also investigated in both normal and febrile animals.Pharmacokinetics of CHPC following intravenous administration could be described by a two‐compartment open model in both normal and febrile animals. In normal animals the half‐life of CHPC was 73.0 ± 4.95 min and the volume of distribution was 2.217 ± 0.24 1/kg. These and other pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly(P<0.05) between normal and febrile animals, except for CopandA.Absorption of CHPC following intramuscular administration was good as indicated by its high bioavailability in both normal (83.34%) and febrile (81.98%) animals.Volume of distribution is usually expected to change when the febrile state is induced. Lack of such an effect in the present study could be due to high individual variation, or to the fact that CHPC already has a relatively large volume of distribution, which is less likely to be altered by a febrile state of short

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method to produce bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis for experimental purposes was studied and the clinical response of experimentally infected calves to selected antimicrobials was characterized. Male Holstein calves stressed with multiple hot and cold water applications followed by intratracheal inoculation of broth cultures ofPasteurella multocidaserotype B developed acute clinical illness consistent with pneumonia. Infected, untreated calves consistently developed classic pneumonic pasteurellosis, infected calves treated with either oxyletracycline or sulfadimethoxine recovered from acute clinical disease, and the uninfected controls remained healthy. This disease model offers potential for use in pharmacokinetic and target tissue drug concentration studies and for dosage titration of drugs intended for treatment of bacterial pneumonias.

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During 1983, a series of trials was carried out in Greece, Italy and Jordan, to test the efficacy of the aminocyclitol antibiotic apramycin as a treatment for naturally acquiredEscherichia coliinfections in broilers. The trials involved a total of 40,389 broilers, 27–39 days of age, in twelve houses at eight different production sites. Three levels of apramycin medication were evaluated: 125, 250 and 500 mg activity/litre drinking water, administered for five consecutive days. Treatment was only initiated after disease had been confirmed by laboratory examination of dead birds. Not all treatments were evaluated in every house. However, each house contained a group of unmedicated birds as controls, while the remaining birds were allocated to one or more apramycin treatment groups.There was a reduction in mortality and an improvement in the final weight and the economic feed conversion ratio in all three treatment groups. The data presented provide support for the use of apramycin sulphate administered in the drinking water for the treatment ofE. coliinfections in broiler

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In vitrotests with the urease inhibitor flurofamide demonstrated that the final inhibitory concentration of 0.5‐4 μM on the growth of nine ureaplasma strains was largely ureaplasmastatic, requiring prolonged incubation to have a ureaplas‐macidal effect. Intramuscular injection of flurofamide successfully eliminated genital infections of ureaplasma in sheep only when the treatment was repeated on two consecutive days. A dose rate of 5–20 mg/kg body weight eliminated the organism from naturally infected sheep, but 15–25 mg/kg body weight was required to eliminate the infection from eleven of fourteen experimentally, newly infected sheep. Administration of the flurofamide orally in the drinking water failed to eliminate ureaplasmas from any of twenty newly infect

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of detomidine, a novel sedative‐analgesic, were studied in mice and rats. Xylazine and morphine were included in the studies for comparison. In both acetic acid‐induced writhing test in mice, and in tail flick test in rats, detomidine had potent, dose‐dependent antinociceptive effects with ED50values of 0.06 and 0.2 mg/kg i.p., respectively. Both xylazine and morphine were clearly less potent than detomidine in these tests. The antinociceptive effect of detomidine was only inhibited by alpha‐2 antagonists (idazoxan, rauwolscine), which suggests that this action is mediated through stimulation of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors. The significance of these Findings for the use of detomidine in veterinary medicine is

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Theophylline was administered to six Beagles intravenously (Aminophyllin Injectable ®, Searle Laboratories) and orally as four sustained‐release formulations (Choledyl ®‐SA Tablets, Parke‐Davis; Theo‐Dur® Tablets, Key Pharmaceuticals; Theo‐24® Capsules, Searle Laboratories, and Slo‐bid Gyrocaps®, William H. Rorer, Inc.). Values were determined for mean residence time, mean absorption time, absolute bioavailability, time to peak plasma concentration, and peak plasma concentration normalized to a theophylline dose of 20 mg/kg. In this order the values found for each formulation were: Choledyl (10.2 ± 1.8 h, 2.8 ± 2.2 h, 63 ± 10%, 3.9 ± 1.0 h, 10 ± 1.1 μg/ml), Theo‐Dur (12.1 ± 5.2 h, 4.9 ± 5.3 h, 76 ± 18% 4.7 ± 3.1 h, 12 ± 3.7 μg/ml), Theo‐24 (15.6 ± 8.9 h, 8.1 ± 8.4 h, 30 ± 16%, 3.6 ± 1.7 h, 3.5 ± 1.3 μg/ml), and Slo‐bid (11.9 ± 1.9 h, 4.4 ± 1.3 h, 60 ± 9%, 4 ± 1.1 h, 8.6 ± 0.8 μg/ml). Choledyl, Theo‐Dur and Slo‐bid appear to have absorption characteristics which, if given twice daily, would maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations of theophylline between 10 and 20 M‐g/ml in the dog. Of these, Theo‐Dur was predicted to provide the least peak:tr

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of incorporation of cloxacillin in liposomes on the treatment of staphylococcal mastitis was assessed bacteriologically 18 h after treatment of experimental infections in mice caused by two strains ofStaphylococcus aureus.Intramammary treatments were cloxacillin incorporated in liposomes, cloxacillin in combination with liposomes, empty liposomes, cloxacillin in saline and saline alone. In none of the experiments did entrapment of cloxacillin within liposomes enhance its antibacterial effects. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated the presence of liposomes in neutrophils which also contained staphylococci. The results support the hypothesis that intracellular staphylococci are metabolically dormant and therefore not susceptible to the action of inhibitors of cell wall synthesis such as cloxacillin.

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Concentrations of the potent diuretic bumetanide were determined by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic procedure in plasma and urine from horses following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a dose rate of 15 μg/kg. The elimination half‐life was found to be 6.3 min, the volume of distribution at steady state 68 ml/kg and the total plasma clearance 10.9 ml/min/kg. The onset of diuresis occurred within 15 min and diuresis was no longer apparent 1 h after i.v. administration. Given by the intramuscular (i.m.) route, bumetanide was rapidly absorbed; bioavailability was 70–80%. i.m. administration of bumetanide prolonged its plasma half‐life (11–27 min) and enhanced and prolonged its diureti

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY