摘要:

Schwartz‐Porsche, D., Löscher, W.&Frey, H.‐H. Therapeutic efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone in canine epilepsy: a comparison.J. vet. Pliannacol. Therap.8, 113–119.The efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone against canine epilepsy was compared in a controlled study. Thirty‐five dogs showing generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (grand mal), treated for a minimum of 6 months, were included in the study; fifteen of these were treated with phenobarbital, the other twenty with primidone. Both drugs were dosed according to the clinical requirement; the daily doses ranged from 5‐17mg/kg phenobarbital and from 17‐70mg/kg primidone. The plasma concentrations of phenobarbital, or of primidone and its metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA), were routinely monitored. Complete control of tonic‐clonic seizures for 6 months, at least, was attained in six out of fifteen dogs of the phenobarbital group, and in five out of twenty dogs in the primidone group. A further six dogs on phenobarbital, and seven dogs on primidone, were classified as ‘improved’, i.e. the rate of seizures was reduced by at least 50%. The rest of the dogs were not improved by the treatment. The difference between the efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone was not significant, but primidone gave rise to signs of liver toxicity in fourteen out of twenty dogs, as indicated by considerable elevations of liver enzyme values (alanine transferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase). Phenobarbital is, therefore, regarded as the drug of first choice for the treatment of canine epilepsy.Dr H.‐H. Frey, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Koserstrafie 20, D‐1000

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Guerrini, V.H., Filippich, L.J., Cao, G.R., English, P.B.&Bourne, D.W.A. Pharmacokinetics of cefaronide, ceftriaxone and cefoperazone in sheep.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 120–127.The pharmacokinetics of cefaronide (16gm/kg dose), ceftriaxone and cefoperazone (47gm/kg dose), after intravenous (i.v.) administration were determined in six Merino ewes. The mean values for terminal half life, steady state volume of distributionVd(ss), renal clearance (ClR) and total body clearance (ClB) for cefaronide were 1.5 h, 0.39l/kg, 0.06l/h/kg and 0.16l/h/kg, for ceftriaxone; 1.7 h, 0.30l/kg, 0.08l/h/kg, and 0.22l/h/kg, and 0.7 h, 0.16l/kg, 0.02l/h/kg and 0.16l/h/kg for cefoperazone, respectively. After 5.5 h, approximately 42% cefaronide, and after 8 h, approximately 37% ceftriaxone and 13% cefoperazone, was excreted in urine.The non‐renal elimination of ceftriaxone and cefoperazone appeared to be more rapid in sheep than is reported in man. Cefaronide was excreted largely unchanged in the urine of sheep. Therefore, the elimination of cefaronide in sheep was similar to that found in man. Cefaronide was well distributed in sheep, whereas ceftriaxone and cefoperazone appeared to be distributed to a lesser degree. These Findings underline the different disposition of drugs in different species.Dr V. H. Guerrini, Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Austra

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Guerrini, V.H., Filippich, L.J., English, P.B., Schneider, J., Cao, G.R.&Bourne, D.W.A. Pharmacokinetics of probenecid in sheep.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 128–135.Six Merino ewes were given 1g (27g/kg) probenecid by the intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. After i.v. injection, the biological half‐life was 1.55 h and apparent volume of distribution at the steady state (Vdss) 0.18l/kg. Body clearance (ClB)and renal clearance (ClR) were 0.12l/h/kg and 0.03l/h/kg, respectively. Approximately 28% of unchanged probenecid was excreted in urine. Plasma probenecid concentrations after i.v., i.m. and s.c. injections were 133, 37, and 31 μg/ml, respectively, at 15 min; 76, 36, and 34μg/ml at 1 h; and 43, 23 and 34μg/ml at 2 h. The average bioavailability of probenecid given by i.m. and s.c. injection was 46% and 34%, respectively. However, after 2 h, probenecid plasma concentrations remained higher when it was given subcutaneously than when it was given intramuscularly.Urine output was correlated positively (P<0.05) with kelandClB. Urine pH increased significantly (P<0.01) for the first 2 h, and then steadily declined over the subsequent 6 h. The results suggested that probenecid in sheep was rapidly eliminated because it was rapidly excreted in the normal but alkaline urine. Subcutaneous administration of probenecid in animals may be a useful alternative to oral or i.v. administration.Dr V. H. Guerrini, Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Aus

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Houston, T., Chay, S., Woods, W.E., Combs, G., Kamerling, S., Blake, J.W., Edmundson, A.G., Vessiney, R.&Tobin, T. Phenylbutazone and its metabolites in plasma and urine of thoroughbred horses: population distributions and effects of urinary pH.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 136–149.A survey of plasma and urinary concentrations of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in thoroughbred horses racing in Kentucky was carried out. Poat‐race blood samples from more than 200 horses running at Latonia Racetrack and Keeneland in the Spring of 1983 were analysed. The modal plasma concentration of phenylbutazone was between 1 and 2µg/ml, the mean concentration was 3.5µg/ml and the range was up to 15µg/ml. Oxyphenbuta‐zone had a modal plasma concentration between 1 and 2µg/ml, a mean concentration of 2.07µg/ml and a range of up to 13µg/ml.γOH‐phenylbutazone had a modal plasma concentration of less than 1µg/ml, a mean level of 1.39µg/ml and a range of up to 7.32µg/ml. All plasma concentration frequency distributions were well fitted by log normal distributions.Urinary concentrations of phenylbutazone yielded modal concentrations of less than 1µg/ml, a mean urinary concentration of 2.9µg/ml, with a range of up to 30.5µg/ml. This population fitted a log‐normal distribution. For oxyphen‐butazone, the modal concentration was less than 3µg/ml, the mean concentration was 15.26µg/ml, with a range to 81.5µg/ml. The frequency distribution of these samples was apparently bimodal. ForγOH‐phenylbutazone, the modal concentration was less than 4µg/ml, the mean concentration 21.23µg/ml, with a range of up to 122µg/ml. The population frequency distribution forγOH‐phenylbutazone was indeterminate.Analysis of the pH of these post‐race urine samples showed a bimodal frequency distribution. The pH values observed ranged from 4.9 to 8.7, with peaks at about pH 5.25 and 7.25. This bimodal pattern of urinary pH values is consistent with observations made in England and Japan.Urinary pH influenced the concentrations of phenylbutazone, oxyphenbuta‐zone andγOH‐phenylbutazone found in the urine samples. The concentration of these metabolites found in alkaline urines were from 32 to 225 times greater than those found in acidic urines. Plasma concentrations of phenylbutazone and its metabolites, however, were unaffected by urinary pH.In interlaboratory experiments, horses running at Hollywood Park were dosed with phenylbutazone at about 2g/1000 lbs 24 and 48 h before racing, and a mean dose of 0.6g/1000 lbs at 72 h prior to racing. Post‐race plasma samples from these horses showed phenylbutazone concentrations ranging from 0.44 to 9.97µg/ml, with a mean concentration of 4.09µg/ml. Plasma oxyphenbutazone concentrations in these horses varied from 0.8µg/ml to 11.3µg/ml, with a mean of 5.3µg/ml.Comparison of plasma concentrations of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in horses racing in Kentucky, with the results of dosing experiments in horses in training, suggests that most horses racing in Kentucky are being dosed with amounts of phenylbutazone broadly equivalent to, or less than, proposed ‘no‐race‐day medication rule’ dosing schedules.T. Tobin, Kentucky Equine Drug Research and Testing Programs, Department of Veterinary Scienc

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Merritt, A.M., Berkhoff, H., Haskell, M.&Wilson, J. Effect of lidamidine‐HCl onEscherichia coliheat‐stable enterotoxin‐inducéd jejunal water and electrolyte secretion in neonatal piglets.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 150–156.Neonatal piglets were anesthetized, and two jejunal loops, 20 cm in length, were prepared. Then, either water or 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0mg/kg of lidamidine‐HCl was injected intraduodenally on a randomized basis, one treatment per pig. Following this, a crude heat‐stable enterotoxin (ST) preparation produced fromE. colino. 1261 was injected into the proximal jejunal loop, and trypticase soy broth (TSB) (with osmolality adjusted to equal the enterotoxin preparation) was injected into the distal jejunal loop. Piglets remained anesthetized for 3 h and were then killed. Fluid was collected from the loops for measurement of volume and Na, K and CI concentration. Empty loop lengths were measured.There was a significant dose‐related reduction of volume and CI content, and a dose‐related, but not significant, reduction in Na content in ST‐treated loops. A comparison of the mean differences in responses between toxin‐and TSB‐treated loops indicated that the major ‘counter‐toxic’ effect of the lidamidine was a dose‐related increase in water and electrolyte absorption.A. M. Merritt, Department of Medical Sciences, College of Veterinaiy Medicine, University of Florida, Box J‐1

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00938.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Asano, R.&Hokari, S. The effect of copper on intact cattle erythrocytes.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 157–164.The effect of copper on intact cattle erythrocytes was investigatedin vitro.When treated with copper, a decrease in the GSH content, accumulation of copper in the cell, loss of potassium and gain of sodium, cross‐linking of membrane proteins, and echinocytic transformation were observed. All of these phenomena seem to be caused by a potent oxidant action of copper. These icy totoxic effects of copper were markedly inhibited by the addition of bovine serum albumin in the incubation medium. These results may help to understand the mechanism of hemolysis associated with copper poisoningin vivo.Ryuji Asano, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252, Ja

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00939.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hunt, J.M.&Gerring, E.L. The effect of prostaglandin E1on motility of the equine gut.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 165–173.Prostaglandin E1was infused intravenously (25, 50 and 75ng/kg/min) in three ponies. Changes in gastrointestinal mechanical and electrical activity were recorded from chronically implanted strain‐gauge force transducers and electrodes. Dose‐dependent responses were obtained: there were significant decreases in electrical spiking activity in the stomach, left large colon and small colon, with a corresponding decrease of activity in the left dorsal colon mechanogram. The small intestine was also affected, showing a decrease in both contraction rate and amplitude, which was more marked in the proximal jejunum than in the ileum. There was an association between these changes in gastrointestinal activity and the presence of discomfort and diminished gut sounds.Judith M. Hunt, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00940.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ĉeleda, L., Urbanová, Z., Pavlásek, I., Ĉerný, J., Raŝkova, H., Vanêĉek, J.&Kubiĉek, A. The effect of intermittent treatment with sulphadimidine on coccidiosis in preruminant calves.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 174–180.Preruminant calves excreted coccidia oocysts in their faeces after 3 weeks of group housing. Two weeks of oral sulphadimidine (SDM) administration, 50mg/kg on the first day of treatment followed by daily administration of 37.5mg/kg, under the same housing conditions kept the faeces free of oocysts. Three weeks later, these calves excreted oocysts again. Repetition of the same treatment for 2 weeks controlled the infection again, but a second treatment for 5 days did not suffice. The repeated long treatment affected immunoglobulin levels adversely. SDM given repeatedly at a lower dose rate (30mg/kg) for 1‐week periods with medication‐free intervals of 1 week controlled the infection and no adverse effects were noted. In comparison with controls, weight gains were greater in treated calves.L. Ĉeleda, Institute of Pharmacology, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague 2,

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00941.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Woods, W.E., Chay, S., Houston, T., Blake, S.W.&Tobin, T. Effects of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone on basic drug detection in high performance thin layer chromatographic systems.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 181–189.Interference or ‘masking’ in thin layer chromatography occurs when the presence of one drug on a thin layer plate physically obscures or interferes with the detection of another drug. We investigated the ability of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone to mask or interfere with the detection by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) of basic drugs used illegally in horse racing. Of fifty‐five basic drugs called ‘positive’ since 1981 by laboratories affiliated with the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC), forty did not comigrate with phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone and could not, therefore, be masked. When 75μg/ml of oxyphenbutazone was spiked into urine samples, subjected to an extraction procedure for basic drugs, and then run in our routine HPTLC systems, no ‘spots’ due to oxyphenbutazone appeared. ‘Masking’ by oxyphenbutazone, therefore, did not and could not occur in our test systems. When phenylbutazone at a concentration of 30μg/ml was spiked into urine samples and run in the routine HPTLC system, phenylbutazone spots were visible under ultraviolet light and after certain specific oversprays were used to visualize basic drugs. These spots, however, did not interfere with routine thin layer testing for basic drugs. It was concluded that phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone had no significant ability to interfere with detection of the parent forms of these basic drugs under the conditions described in these experiments.T. Tobin, Kentucky Equine Drug Research and Testing Programs, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00942.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mustafa, A.I., Ali, B.H., Hassan, T.&Satti, A.M. Furazolidone concentrations in plasma, milk and some tissues of Nubian goats.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.8, 190–193.The concentrations of furazolidone (FZ) in plasma and milk were measured in goats treated orally with the drug at a dose of 10mg kg‐1daily for 5 days. The maximum plasma concentrations obtained were 1.57 δ 0.52 μg ml‐1(n = 5) 8 h after the first dose, and 2.13 δ 0.11 μg ml‐1(n = 4) 6 h after the fifth dose. The maximum milk concentration was 0.88 δ 0.32 μg ml‐1(n = 4) 8h following the administration of a single dose. Using a colorimetric method, FZ was not detectable in goats' liver or muscle after the recommended therapeutic dose (10 mgkg‐1, 5 days). However, using an HPLC method, the drug was detected 24 h after the treatment in the gluteal muscle and liver at concentrations of 0.2G δ 0.01 μg g‐1(n = 5) and 0.10 δ 0.02μg g_1(n = 5), respectively. The drug concentrations decreased significantly (P<0.05‐0.01) at 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment, and no measurable concentrations were found after 10 days.A. I. MustafaC, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00943.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY