摘要:

Hanna, R.M. Borchard, R.E.&Schmidt, S.L. Effect of diuretics on ketamine and sulfanilate elimination in cats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 121–129.Rate constants of elimination were used to evaluate potential effects of diuretic agents on the elimination of ketamine from the blood of cats. Furosemide, mannitol, and aminophylline did not significantly alter the ketamine elimination rate constants, although the diuretics had a tendency to prolong elimination. This tendency of furosemide was further substantiated by observing the effect of furosemide on glomerular filtration. The rate of sulfanilate elimination, used as an indicator of glomerular filtration, was significantly decreased in the cats that were administered furosemide. Possible mechanisms for the influence of furosemide on the renal excretion of ketamine are discusse

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Watson, E.D., Stokes, C.R.&Bourne, F.J. Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4in uterine lavage fluid from mares with experimentally induced and naturally occurring endometritis.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 130–134.Acute endometritis was induced in ovariectomized pony mares by infusion of a 1% solution of oyster glycogen. Maximum concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4in uterine washings coincided with the greatest rate of infiltration of neutrophils into the uterine lumen. Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4decreased to basal levels 6 h after infusion and were unaffected by administration of ovarian steroids to ovariectomized mares. Uterine washings from mares with persistent endometritis did not contain significantly different concentrations of leukotriene B4from genitally normal mare

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Knoppert, N.W., Nijmeijer, S.M., van Duin, C.T.M., Korstanje, C., van Gogh, H. and van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Some pharmacokinetic data of aditoprim and trimethoprim in healthy and tick‐borne fever infected dwarf goats.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 135—144.Aditoprim (AP) is a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, which is structurally related to trimethoprim (TMP). The pharmacokinetics of AP (10 mg/kg) and TMP (20 mg/kg) were assessed in healthy dwarf goats. Therapeutic efficacy against rickettsial infections was tested in tick‐borne fever (TBF) infected goats. The animals were given TMP (n = 5) or AP (w = 5) by i.v. injection, and subsequently the drugs were administered orally (same groups, similar doses). Finally, both groups were infected with TBF and the i.v. experiment was repeated. Plasma concentration—time curves for both drugs followed first‐order two‐compartment decay. For TMP, mean t½β± SEM (h) was 0.84 ± 0.06 (i.v. control) and 0.90 ± 0.06 (i.v. infected), respectively, whereas for AP values of 8.00 ± 0.31 (i.v. control) and 10.28 ± 0.67 (i.v. infected) were obtained (P<0.05). Mean Vdp± SEM values (1/kg) were 3.84 ± 0.27 (i.v. control) and 4.07 ± 0.85 (i.v. infected) for TMP (NS) and 7.02 ± 0.63 vs 9.29 ± 0.21 (P<0.05) for AP. After i.v. injection, rumen fluid concentrations of AP were significantly (P<0.05) higher and more persistent than those of TMP. For AP, the plasma and rumen fluid concentrations at 3 h were 1.20 ± 0.06 (Xg/ml and 0.85 ± 0.17 (ig/ml, respectively. After oral administration of TMP, Cmaxin plasma was 0.12 ± 0.01 (ig/ml and the maximum was reached after 1.2 ± 0.16 h; systemic bioavailability (F)was 10.3% (relative toAUCi.v.). Oral treatment with AP resulted in a Cmaxvalue of 0.21 ± 0.02 μg/ml withTmaxof 22.5 ± 1.65 h and aFvalue of 71%. Based onWBC, serumALPand rectal temperature responses, it was concluded that both TMP and AP were inactive a

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nouws, J.F.M., Meesen, B.P.W., Gogh, H. van, Korstanje, C., Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M., Vree, T.B.&Degen, M. The effect of testosterone and rutting on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in goats.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 145–154.After testosterone pretreatment of castrated goats and during the rutting season of adult entire male goats, the oxidative metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) was inhibited markedly compared with the castrated control state of these animals. The oxidation of the 5 position (yielding 5‐hydroxysulphadimidine) and of the 6‐hydroxymethyl group (yielding 6‐carboxysulphadimidine) was decreased equally, with that of the methyl group at the pyrimidine side chain itself being 6‐hydroxymethylsulphadimidine (CH2OH), whereas the acetylation pathway was unaffected by testosterone. The consequence of altered metabolism by testosterone was a prolongation of SDM presence in the body. Effects on protein binding of the CH2OH metabolite and on the renal clearance of SDM were also inv

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Soback, S. Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoxitin given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 155–162.Cefoxitin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were studied in unweaned calves. The antibiotic was administered to nine calves intravenously (i.v.), to seven calves intramuscularly (i.m.) at 20 mg/kg and to eight calves i.m. at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Serum concentration versus time data were analysed using statistical moment theory (SMT). The i.v. data were also fitted by a linear, open two‐compartment model.The elimination half‐life (t½) was 66.9 ± 6.9 min (mean ± SD) after i.v. and 81.0 ± 10.9 min after i.m. administration. Thet1/2increased to 125.5 ± 15.6 min by the co‐administration of probenecid. The total body clearance (ClT) was 4.88 ± 1.71 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution (Vss) 0.3187 ± 0.0950 1/kg. The mean residence time (MRT) was 68.2 ± 12.3 min after i.v. and 118.6 ± 16.8 min after i.m. injection and increased to 211.5 ± 16.8 min by the coadministration of probenecid. The mean absorption time (MAT) was 50.6 min and the estimated bioavailability (F) of cefoxitin after i.m. administration was 73.8%. The cefoxitin protein binding ranged from 55.0 to 42.0% at concentrations from 2 to 50 μg/ml.TheMIC90values for cefoxitin were 6.25 μg/ml forE. coliandSalmonellagroup B isolates, 3.13 μg/ml forSalmonellagroup C and D andPasteurella multocida.There were no statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated bySMTor compartmental analysis.SMTprovided an additional independent parameter, theMRT, for characterization of drug

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mburu, D.N., Mbugua, S.W., Skoglund, L.&Lökken, P. Effects of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the post‐operative course after experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 163–171.In placebo‐controlled cross‐over trials in dogs, two ‘identical’ operations were performed on the forelimbs of each animal with an interval of 28 days, to evaluate how daily doses of 1.5 g paracetamol, 1.5 g acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 0.5 g ASA might modulate an acute post‐operative inflammatory reaction. On the third post‐operative day the reductions in swelling compared with placebo averaged 33% with 1.5 g paracetamol(P =0.02), 24% with 1.5 g ASA(P =0.03) and 15% with 0.5 g ASA(P= 0.18); while the reductions in pain estimates averaged 47% with 1.5 g paracetamol(P= 0.01), 32% with 1.5 g ASA(P= 0.07) and 28% with 0.5 g ASA{P= 0.21). There were no clinical signs of adverse drug effects, such as vomiting, haematochezia, cyanosis or depression. The results disagree with the traditional view that paracetamol has little or no anti‐inflammatory effect, and demonstrate that paracetamol may reduce an acute inflammatory reaction, at least as efficiently as ASA. The potential proinflammatory effect of ASA in low doses is discussed. It is concluded that paracetamol appears to be a valuable drug against post‐operative or post‐traumatic sequelae in the veterinary as well

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stafford, K.J.&Leek, B.F. Dopamine‐sensitive receptors that evoke rumination and modify reticulo‐ruminal activity in sheep.J. vet Pharmacol. Therap.11, 171–176.Dopamine (20 μg/kg) evoked rumination in sheep when injected as a bolus into the coeliac artery or into the left gastric artery but not when injected into the carotid artery. A mixed α‐adrenoreceptor antagonist (phentolamine) and an ci2‐adrenoreceptor antagonist (yohimbine) prevented dopamine from evoking rumination, but a dopaminergic antagonist (metoclopramide) did not. These findings suggest that dopamine stimulated rumination by acting upon ci2‐adrenoreceptors situated in the area supplied by the left gastric artery, whereas dopamine injected intracerebrally may have evoked rumination by ana?‐adrenoreceptor effect in the central nervous system (Buenoet al., 1983) and the actions of intrajugular dopamine were exclusively upon peripheral adreno‐receptors located specifically in the gastric area. Dopamine (1 μg/kg/min) infused into the carotid artery reduced the frequency of reticular contractions by acting upon a centrally located dopaminergic receptor mechanism sensitive to metoclopramide but not to phentolamine. When dopamine was infused into the coeliac artery or into the left gastric artery, the amplitude of reticular contractions was reduced by a peripheral mechanism sensitive both to metoclopramide and to phentolamine. Dopamine also reduced the amplitude of reticular contractions when infused into the carotid artery but to a lesser degree than when given into the coeliac or l

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sanders, P., Guillot, P.&Mourot, D. Pharmacokinetics of a long‐acting chloramphenicol formulation administered by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in cattle. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 183–190.The pharmacokinetic properties of a long‐acting formulation of chloramphenicol were determined in six yearling cattle after a single intravenous (i.v.) administration (40 mg/kg body weight) and after two sequential subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administrations (90 mg/kg/48 h). The two extra vascular routes were studied during a crossover trial for a bioequivalence test. After i.v. administration, the plasma concentration‐time graph was characteristic of a two‐compartment open model. Mean values were a half‐life of 4.1 h, a volume of distribution of 0.86 1/kg and a body clearance of 0.128 l/kg/h. Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol following i.m. and s.c. administrations increased slowly to a broad peak at 10–15 Hg/ml between 9 and 12 h. Bioavailability was 19.1% after i.m. injection and 12.4% after s.c. administration. The extent of absorption from the two routes did not differ significantly. The rate of absorption was significantly lower after s.c. application than it was after i.m. injection. The time necessary for the plasma concentration to exceed 5 μg/ml was the same for the two routes. Thus, i.m. and s.c. routes are

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pycock, J.F., Allen, W.E., Porter, D.J., Boyd, E.H. The effect of various antibacterial preparations on thein vitromorphology and chemotactic response of equine neutrophils.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 191–196.Two independent assay systems were used to study the effect of three antibacterial preparations onin vitromorphology and chemotaxis of equine neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with high (200 μg/ml) and medium (20 μg/ml) concentrations of neomycin impaired their response to standard chemoattractants. Trimethoprim/sulfadoxine (0.4/2.0 μg/ml–40/200 μg/ml) and benzylpenicillin (0.25‐25 μg/ml) had no effect. Neutrophils collected from geldings 2 and 24 h after neomycin (5 mg/kg) administration had impaired responses to standard chemoattractants. Benzylpenicillin (13.2 mg/kg) had

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pompa, G., Montesissa, C., Di Lauro, F.M., Fadini, L.&Capua, C. Zearanol metabolism by subcellular fractions from lamb liver.J, vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 197–203.Zearanol (7‐α‐zearalanol or α‐ZAL) metabolismin vitroby subcellular fractions (microsome and cytosol) from lamb livers was investigated. The use of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique capable of resolving epimers, revealed that when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was added as a co‐factor to metabolic mixtures, the oxidized form, zearalanone (ZAN) was the major metabolite, although a small amount of 7‐β‐zearalanol (β‐ZAL) was also produced. In order to confirm β‐ZAL as a product of ZAN reduction, the metabolism of the latter, by microsome and cytosol in the presence of NADH as co‐factor, was investigated. The results obtained revealed that both α‐ZAL and β‐ZAL were present at the end of the incubation, the former at a higher concentration than the latter. When NAD and NADH were added as co‐factors to incubation mixtures containing α‐ZAL, the production of β‐ZAL was increased as a consequence of the higher ZAN reduction in the presence of the reducing co‐factor. Nevertheless, ZAN remained the major metabolite produced from α‐ZAL by

ISSN:0140-7783    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY