摘要:

AbstractA particularly close relationship exists between chemistry, the science of the transformation of matter, and developments in human living conditions. Though little more than 150 years old, chemical technology has had a greater influence on our civilization than any other technological discipline. Its roots lie not in the crafts, but in scientific research. Relationships derived from the laws of nature were taken as a basis for the systematic solution of practical problems. It is to this strategy that chemistry owes its success. New opportunities arise from new discoveries. These result from basic research at universities, research institutes, and industrial laboratories. Applied research in turn transforms the discoveries into innovative solutions to problems on an industrial scale. The objectives of applied research are oriented toward the marketplace and to the needs of mankind. Our knowledge of scientific interrelationships has been growing with unabated vigor for decades, but so too has our insight into the enormous complexity of the material world. Many of the problems that civilization faces result from the fact that our knowledge is still inadequate. Intensive research and development offer the only hope for progress. Scientists must of course act responsibly with the knowledge they acquire, and they must provide the information necessary to establish public confidence in their methods and products. This is the prerequisite for broad acceptance of technological progress, and given the extent of the world's population no alternative to progress exists. The shape of that progress is also subject to influences outside the realm of science, however, including social norms and political activities. A country that is not rich in raw materials, like the Federal Republic of Germany, must pay particular attention to these factors as well if it is to maintain its innovative strength.

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199011773

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research and development policy of the European Community (EC) was raised to a more solid legal basis by means of an extension of the treaties—the Single European Act—30 years after the enactment of the treaties of Rome. Today, the EC has succeeded in creating an independent, successful continent‐wide research und development community despite rather limited budgetary means. The reasearch activities of the EC were originally restricted to EURATOM, which takes care of problems concerning civil nuclear research. EURATOM brought many experiences in the course of time, and also yielded many successes. We have learned above all how community research and national research are to be coordinated in the most efficient way. After the energy crisis of the seventies, and after many national R&D failures in various fields, high priority was given to the improvement and safeguarding of the technological competitivity of the community and the effective strengthening of its innovation potential. It was more and more generally accepted that all R&D resources had to be concentrated throughout the community in order to enable it to compete successfully, especially with the U. S. and Japan. In order to fulfill this objective a research policy with a strong integrating effect was requested in addition to the national R&D research policies. Cohesion and know‐how transfer inside the EC belong therefore to the central issues of the R&D policy of the community, as do special efforts to include small and medium‐sized institutes and enterprises (SMEs). Framework programs were introduced in the eighties in order to ensure a medium‐term disposability of the budgetary means for R&D and to secure a certain continuity. The third framework program has been agreed upon, and it provides research funding until 1994. In 1987 approximately 1 Bill. Ecu/year were spent for R&D. Today, 1, 5 Bill. Ecu/year are available, and this amount will further grow to provide approximately 2 Bill. Ecu/year in 1992/93. Issues like the difference between basic and applied research under inclusion of industry‐political viewpoints are also included in this report. Furthermore, cooperation with and delimitation to other countries or communities such as the U. S. and Japan or the EFTA and the Comecon member states will be discussed. Finally, perspectives for R&D policies of the European Community in the nineties will

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199011891

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe public has numerous misconceptions about the relationship between environmental pollution and human cancer. Underlying these misconceptions is an erroneous belief that nature is benign. In this article we highlight eight of these misconceptions and describe the scientific information that undermines each one.

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199011971

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe path of chemistry in the future will be determined both by its participation in solving large‐scale societal problems and by its generation of new ideas through basic research. This article sketches four of the areas of societal “pull” in which chemistry will play a role in solving applied problems—national security, health care, the environment, and energy—and four areas in which basic research will be especially fruitful—materials chemistry, biological chemistry, computational chemistry, and chemistry exploring the limits of size and speed in chemica

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012091

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite the great importance of heterogeneous catalysis, research in this field has long been characterized by its empiricism. Now, however, thanks to the rapid development of methods in surface physics, the elementary steps can be identified at the atomic level and the underlying principles understood. Defined single crystal surfaces are employed as models, based on the analysis of the surfaces of ‘real’ catalysts. Direct images, with atomic resolution, can be obtained using scanning tunneling microscopy, while electron spectroscopic methods yield detailed information on the bonding state of adsorbed species and the influence of catalyst additives (promotors) upon them. The successful application of this approach is illustrated with reference to the elucidation of the mechanism of ammonia synthesis. The catalyst surface is usually transformed under reaction conditions, and, as the processes involved are far‐removed from equilibrium, such transformations can lead to intrinsic spatial and temporal self‐organization phenomena. In this case, the reaction rate may not remain constant under otherwise invariant conditions but will change periodically or exhibit chaotic behavior, with the formation of spatial patterns on the catalyst

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012191

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProcess innovation—the systematic optimization of raw materials, energy consumption and product yields—is a constant challenge for those operating plants producing vital basic and intermediate chemicals. The production processes, rather than the products themselves, exhibit life cycles and determine the profitability of downstream manufacturing. The ongoing task of interdisciplinary teams of experts is not just to develop new process routes, but, more commonly, to improve individual process steps. The impulse for this innovation arises from changes in the price and availability of raw materials, economic and environmental considerations and, last but not least, scientific and technological progress. This paper illustrates the opportunities available using examples which have already been put into practice as well as problems not yet resolved. Questions such as the use of alternative feedstocks and the switch to catalytic processes arc addressed and used to suggest novel ideals for basic research. Worthwhile projects are identified in the area of industrial oxidation, both catalytic and non‐catalytic. A highly developed, systematic, computer‐based method for optimizing the integration of energy flows within a plant is presented and novel measurement techniques for efficient production control and product quality are. discussed. The successful realization of such concepts requires the ability and the willingness to think in terms of new approaches to problem solving, making this an important objective for university education geared to futur

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012281

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMathematical modeling is an important tool for rapid and reliable reactor development and design. The models are built up from basic studies of the reaction mechanism and kinetics, the transfer processes, and the interactions within the system. A detailed understanding of the elementary processes enables the construction of powerful and complex models for dynamic and steady‐state simulation. With the aid of experimentally determined parameter values one can develop new processes or improve existing ones. Excellent results obtained in experimental work under idealized laboratory conditions can seldom be fully realized in practice. This is due to factors such as transfer resistances, local gradients, fluctuating conditions, and constructional and other limitations which lead to unsatisfactory parameter values and higher costs to compensate for these shortcomings. Some recommendations are made for circumventing these deficiencie

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012351

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThermodynamic properties are essential for quantitative process design to produce chemical products. Caloric properties are required for heat balances, but these properties are usually available or estimated easily. More important—and often much more difficult to estimate—are the chemical potentials of components in mixtures; it is these potentials which determine phase equilibria, as required for separation operations, and chemical equilibria, as required for chemical reactors and for separation operations based on chemical reactions. Molecular thermodynamics is an engineering‐oriented science for calculating the desired chemical potentials from a minimum of experimental data. This applied science, based on classical and statistical thermodynamics, yields chemical potentials through models that are based on molecular physics and physical chemistry. Selected examples are cited to illustrate the applicability of molecular thermodynamics: group‐contribution methods for obtaining chemical potentials in highly nonideal mixtures as required for distillation‐column and process‐safety design; equation of state for precipitation of uniform‐sized crystals from supercritical fluids; molecular‐orbital calculations to guide process development for alternatives to environmentally dangerous chlorofluorohydrocarbons; molecular‐simulation calculations for separation of gas mixtures with porous adsorbents; equilibria in two‐phase aqueous systems for separation of protein mixtures; and, finally, extended polymer‐solution thermodynamics to guide synthesis of hydrogels suitable for protein recovery from soybeans and for novel

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012461

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the past ten years there has been a sharp increase in interest in the opportunities afforded by R&D in the field of specialty polymers. Interest is mainly being shown in two distinct categories of polymers, namely, (a) polymers which are used in very small quantities to fulfill critical needs as a part of device system, and (b) high‐performance engineering polymers which significantly extend their mechanical and thermal properties for structural applications. The first category ranges from advanced resists and insulating layers for microelectronic devices to membranes for filtration systems. The second category encompasses improved matrices for advanced composites as well as liquid crystalline polymers. In the present paper an overview is first given of the emerging opportunities for advanced materials and particularly specialty polymers. The status of work on liquid crystalline copolyesters is then discussed with special emphasis on one of the major problems confronting this field, namely interpreting the microstructure of the copolyester

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012561

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch on high‐temperature organic polymers was initiated in the late 1950s primarily to meet the needs of the aerospace and electronics industry. Since then, many different heat‐resistant polymer systems have been reported, of which several are now commercially available. These polymers are used in many diverse applications such as circuitry in microelectronic components, coatings on cookware, binders in brake systems, sealants for fuel tanks in high‐speed aircraft, gears in copying machines, structural components in high‐speed aircraft, and space vehicles, films and wire coatings for electrical insulation. Worldwide use for high‐temperature polymers in 1988 was estimated at 90 million kilograms with a value of $ 2.3 billion. This market is expected to double by the end of this decade. The major polymer classes discussed in the present paper are polyimides and poly(ary

ISSN:0570-0833    

DOI:10.1002/anie.199012621

出版商:Hüthig&Wepf Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY