摘要:

AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the lentivirus HIV and characterized by a successive depletion of CD4 helper/inductor lymphocytes. The humoral and cellular immune deficiency is the basis for the development of opportunistic infections and tumors. Because of a multitude of different bacterial, viral, and parasitic opportunistic agents, AIDS is typified by a number of divergent clinical symptoms. As with many lentiviruses, HIV is difficult to demonstrate in the organism, especially in asymptomatic carriers. Although the rate of infection in peripheral lymphocytes appears to be low, there is an increasing amount of virological and immunological data which help to explain the slow but irreversible failure of the immune defense. We still know relatively little about the pathogenic mechanisms of HIV, although a number of the presently available experimental results provide useful starting points for subsequent investigations. Peter H. Duesberg recently published that HIV and AIDS may well be correlated, but stated that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. Duesberg bases his hypothesis on the fact that HIV fulfills neither Koch’s classic postulates nor several more of his own postulates for viral pathogenesis. Following the summary of individual pathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection, the separate points of Duesberg’s hypothesis are discussed in detail. It is made very clear that the magnitude of epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental observations and results argue for a causal role of HIV and A

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150167

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In this brief review, the use of synthetic peptides representing linear antigenic sites in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) structural proteins for detection of antibodies in sera from HIV-infected individuals is discussed. It has been demonstrated that peptide antigens offer unique advantages for determination of HIV-specific antibodies. In particular, various peptides representing the region of amino acids 580–620 in the transmembranous glycoprotein have been effectively used. Of primary importance is the fact that properly designed site-specific serological tests allow a distinction between type-specific antibodies, a quality not provided by any other currently available test. Furthermore, synthetic peptide antigens allow the design of highly simplified and effectively standardized assays. Hereby, they lend themselves to use for screening purposes or confirmatory testings not only in industrialized countries, but also in developing countries. It is also possible that tests with selected peptides may measure antibodies which have value in predicting the risk for infection in children born to seropositive mothers and for progression of disease in infected individual

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150168

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Antibodies of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were used to probe the antigenicity of the HIV-1 transmembrane protein of 41 kD (gp41) by antibody-reactive peptide scanning (Pepscan). Eleven distinct sequential antibody-binding sites were defined by testing reactivity to 339 overlapping nonapeptides spanning the complete gp41 amino acid sequence. Such analysis only maps continuous antibody-binding sites of nine amino acids in length and does not identify putative discontinuous or assembled epitopes. Three B cell epitopes (aa 609–622; aa 655–699; aa 664–681) at the amino-terminal border of the putative transmembrane anchor and two (aa 732–748; aa 744–762) at the carboxyl-terminal border of this domain were the most antigenic. One antibody-binding domain (aa 834–852) with four amino acids homologous to the beta-1 domain of HLA class II beta-chain was recognized by the serum in 1 of 4 AIDS patients tested and not by any of the eight sera from symptom-free individuals. Although functional domains of gp41 involved in virus replication, cytopathicity and possibly immunosuppression were shown to bind antibodies of HIV-1-infected individuals, no relationship between antibody recognition patterns and disease progression w

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150169

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The response to infection with Junin virus, wild strain Cba An 9446, and the antenatal and postnatal transmission of the pathogen in its natural host, Calomys musculinus, were studied. Intranasal infection in adult animals (90–120 days) did not produce mortality or illness during the 150-day period of observation. From day 21 to 150 after infection, 50% of the animals showed viral persistence with shedding of virus in both urine and saliva. The remaining half became seropositive, and no infectious virus was recovered from them. Although the virus did not infect fetuses during gestation, 50% of weaned pups nursed by viremic mothers were infected. Neither persistence nor immunologic response altered the reproductive pattern of the animals. The absence of reproductive failure in the infected host and the efficiency of postnatal transfer of Junin virus indicate that vertical transmission could contribute to the viral maintenance over tim

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150170

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Four of five groups of Holestine by Angus calves (5 calves/group) were immunized with different formulations of a recombinant BPV-1 DNA vaccine using a BPV-1 major capsid: B-galactosidase fusion protein as the immunogen. Group 5 was not vaccinated. Vaccinated calves received the vaccine on days 0 and 21 of the trial, and calves from all five groups were challenged intradermally with 1010 BPV-1 particles at each of two different sites on day 56. All calves were bled on days 3, 24, 55, 77, and 104 of the trial, and the sera were tested for reactivity with intact and disrupted BPV-1 particles by ELISA. At the time of challenge with BPV-1 virions (day 56), 19 of 20 vaccinated calves were seropositive for disrupted BPV-1 particles; sera from 3 of 20 calves reacted with intact BPV-1 virions. By day 77,11 of 19 vaccinated calves had developed antibody titers to intact BPV-1 virions; only 1 calf in group 5 developed antibodies (transiently) against BPV-1 capsid epitopes. After challenge, 24 of 25 calves from the five groups developed intradermal fibromas, the biological end point of this study. Fibromas appeared to increase in size in group 5 (unvaccinated, inoculated controls), whereas most tumors from the four vaccinated groups (1–4) stabilized or decreased in size. Although the calves developed fibromas, 90% of calves (in groups 1–4) developed antibodies against disrupted BPV-1 capsid proteins whereas 58% developed antibodies that reacted with intact virions. The immunologic response of vaccinated calves to intact and disrupted BPV-1 particles appeared to be determined in large part by the various formulations of the vaccine, particularly the adjuv

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150171

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A 66-year-old male with adult T cell leukemia had an ulcer on the left medial thigh. The biopsy of the skin lesion revealed enlarged endothelial cells with acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, suggesting cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. At autopsy, CMV was isolated from a nodular skin lesion of the scrotum. The urine constantly tested positive for CMV. Restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of DN A of the isolates from the skin and urine indicated that this patient was infected with two different strains of CMV.

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150172

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150173

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150174

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0300-5526    

DOI:10.1159/000150166

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1990

数据来源: Karger