摘要:

This is a paper on issue of ethics in mental health training. No specific paper on this topic nor on the ethics of medical teaching could be found in the literature. The authors consider the topic as important and timely. The discussion follows the principles of the Hippocratic Oath, the modern principles of informed consent and of social equity. These principles are focal points in an examinaiton of the roles of clinician, teacher, patient, and student, and their complex relationships.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The subliminal psychodynamic activation method was used to enhance the efficacy of a behavior therapy approach to smoking cessation. Thirty-four subjects received a 3-week, group-oriented, multicomponent behavior therapy package aimed at smoking cessation. Subjects were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups. The experimental group received the subliminal message “mommy and I are one,” and the control group the message “people are walking.” At 4-weeks post-treatment the abstinence rate for the experimentals was 67 per cent and 12.5 per cent for the controls. At 12-weeks follow-up, 44 per cent of the experimentals and 12.5 per cent of the controls were abstinent. A x2analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between groups at 4 but not 12 weeks. A multiple analysis of covariance was used to analyze percentage of baseline smoking at both follow-up points. A significant main effect for treatment and for time emerged along with an interaction between treatment and time. Thus, the results revealed that the subliminally exposed message differentially effected the post-treatment smoking behavior of the experimental group. The results were interpreted as evidence for a transference phenomena explanation for the effectiveness of the behavioral treatment program.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study tested a body image-oriented model concerning the selective development of somatic tension (symptomatology) in specific body areas. The design was based upon a theory which assumes that an individual's relative awareness of specific areas of his body plays a role in coping with conflictual themes linked to such body areas. It was predicted that exposure to a theme message linked with a specific body region would selectively produce experiences of tension in that locale as a function of how frequently it had previously been a site of somatic discomfort. The hypothesis was tested and also cross-validated in eight male samples (N=138). This was done by exposing subjects to taped messages about specific themes and then measuring tension in specific body areas. The results were supportive of the hypothesis. They indicate that localized somatic discomfort is linked to concern about specific conflictual themes.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Family income and the response style of internal-external locus of control were studied for their relationship to childhood depression. The subjects were 944 prepubertal school children representing three levels of socioeconomic status. Depression was measured by three methods: peer nominations, self-rating, and teacher ratings. Externality was associated with high depression and internality with low depression. The joint effects of low family income and externality produced the highest depression scores. Income and externality were inversely related.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper reports on the testing of self-report scales, in a pilot study of 28 children with a psychiatrically ill parent. We examined the relationship between children's responses about themselves and mothers' responses about their children, on symptom and social functioning scales. The self-report scales administered to the children included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory, and the Social Adjustment Scale. The mothers completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, the Conners Parent Questionnaire, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale about their children. Agreement between mothers and children on the assessment of the child was poor. Agreement was good across the scales used when the information was derived from the same informant. The implication of these results for epidemiological studies, particularly concerning dual informants, is discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 381 first admission male state hospital patients, no consistent correlations appeared among three commonly employed hospitalization measures of outcome. The possibility that psychiatric hospitalization may be a multidimensional criterion is considered and the implications for outcome research are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Performance on a visual search task was contrasted for hyperactive boys and non hyperactive reading-disabled and presumably attention-disordered boys participating in a double blind, crossover study (methylphenidate vs. placebo). Mean dosage levels, individually titrated by the team psychiatrist, were highest for the reading-disabled group, lowest for those with suspected attention disorders. All three groups were seen by teachers and parents as significantly improved while on medication, and all groups dramatically reduced extraneous responses and attention lapses on the laboratory task. On a composite measure of performance and behavior, the non hyperactive subjects improved significantly more than the hyperactive subjects. Although given rather high average dosage levels (about 37.5 mg/ day or 1.25 mg/kg-day), the subjects did not deteriorate in search behavior, which entails short term memory. It is argued that the cerebral stimulants may be as beneficial for non hyperactive reading-disabled and attention-disordered children as for hyperactive patients, for the former have just as great difficulty sustaining attention as the latter.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In contrast to well documented reports of medical symptoms in Cushing's syndrome (an endocrine disorder with the hallmark of corticoid overproduction), vague and infrequent references to associated mental changes reflect the subjective nature of previous clinical studies of psychological symptoms. This report presents neuropsychological test findings of 35 Cushing's syndrome patients before initiation of medical therapy, and documents the frequency, nature, and severity of deficits.Performances on the Michigan Neuropsychological Test Battery revealed equivocal or no signs of neuropsychological deficits in 13 patients. Ten other patients had few and mild deficits, eight had moderate and more frequent signs of impairment, and four had frequent and marked deficits in language and nonlanguage tests of higher (cognitive) and/or lower (sensory and/or motor) level cerebral functions. The findings thus indicate varying degrees of diffuse bilateral cerebral dysfunction in two thirds of this population. Impairment was more frequent and severe in non verbal visual-ideational and visual memory functions. This pattern of deficits is similar to that in patients with other types of diffuse bilateral neuropathological processes such as toxicity, anoxia, and infectious cerebral disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty-eight multiple sclerosis patients were rated on the Kurtzke Disability Status Examination and tested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Their disability status scores, ranging from 1 to 9, with a mean of 3.98, correlated significantly only with duration of illness (r = .33, significant at the .05 level). Severity of disability was not significantly correlated with age of patient, age at onset of multiple sclerosis symptoms, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, or Full Scale IQ. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale mean subtest scores ranged from average to bright normal. Scores on Performance subtests with a large motor component were lower than on Verbal subtests measuring verbal overlearned information, abstract reasoning, and vocabulary.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Intellectual functioning of renal failure, neurological, and medical-psychiatric patients was explored using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The three groups of 24 patients each did not differ significantly in age or education. The medical-psychiatric group was significantly higher than the renal failure and neurological groups on the Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ. A significant groups × sub tests interaction in an analysis of variance with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale sub tests as the repeated measures variable indicated that the groups differed significantly in pattern of intellectual deficit. Subsequent analysis of deviation scores, which controlled for overall level of performance, indicated significant differences among the groups in relative deficit on the Information, Comprehension, Vocabulary, Block Design, and Object Assembly sub tests. The renal failure patients showed much less deficit on the Information, Comprehension, and Vocabulary sub tests relative to their own mean than did the other two groups which were similar to each other. However, the renal failure patients showed considerably greater deficit on the Block Design and Object Assembly sub tests relative to their own mean than did the neurological and medical psychiatric patients who again were quite comparable to each other. The pattern of deficits for the renal failure group was different from both neurological and medical-psychiatric patients and their level of deficit was greater than that of the medical-psychiatric patients. Thus, renal failure patients showed quantitative and qualitative differences compared to medical-psychiatric subjects and qualitative differences compared to neurological subjects.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID