摘要:

The deficit syndrome is a domain of schizophrenic psychopathology defined by the presence ofprimarynegative symptoms that areenduringfeatures of a patient's function between periods of relapse. Lesions of the putative neural circuit underlying social affiliation and social behavioral cues in nonhuman primates and other mammals cause behavioral impairments in animals that model the diminished social drive, poverty of speech, and blunted affect of the deficit syndrome. Components of this circuit include the amygdala, periamygdalar cortex, and part of the prefrontal cortex. Abnormal function of this functional circuit may underlie the deficit syndrome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The author reviews supporting evidence for the existence of two personality prototypes that correspond to two DSM-III-R personality “clusters.” These hypothetical personality prototypes are characterized by extreme variations along several interrelated personality trait dimensions and by differences in two biological measures. The possibility that individual differences in central serotonin and/or catecholamine activity may underlie some of the features associated with these prototypes is discussed in light of current data. The usefulness of this conceptualization as a supplemental axis of personality classification is suggested.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

There is now agreement about the clinical features of panic disorder and agoraphobia but less agreement about treatment because of controversy over whether the disorder is primarily biological or psychological. The authors were requested to produce an impartial review for continuing education and peer review. We chose to do this by using a quantitative review procedure, by providing a bibliography of studies, and by a literature review.We found that symptoms of panic and phobia did not change significantly while on waitlist control or while receiving placebo. The evidence for the efficacy of the low-potency benzodiazepines or of monoamine oxidase inhibitors was limited. It was also clear that only limited improvement can be expected from behavior therapies that do not involve exposure to the symptoms of panic or to the feared situation.Symptoms of panic, as well as the frequency of spontaneous panic, were shown to be substantially improved following imipramine, high-potency benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, exposure in vivo (especially if a cognitive anxiety management procedure was used), and the combination of imipramine and exposure in vivo. The effects on panic produced by the exposure therapies (with or without imipramine) were maintained over long follow-up periods. Imipramine, alprazolam, exposure therapy, and imipramine plus exposure each produced significant improvements in phobias. In the short term and in the long term, the larger improvements in phobias were associated with exposure therapy, particularly if used in combination with imipramine.We conclude that it would be unwise to theorize about the etiology of this disorder on the basis of response to a specific treatment because, both at the meta-analytic level and from the review of individual studies, it is clear that both drug and nondrug therapies can produce substantial and long-lasting changes in panic and in phobias.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present investigation compares early and late onset community dysthymia groups on insidious onset patterns, cognitive, coping, and symptom measures testing the assumption implicit in DSM-III-R that the two groups are qualitatively dissimilar. The results suggest that, regardless of age of onset, the groups did not differ except on some features of coping style. Homogeneity, not heterogeneity, was the predominant finding. The results call into question the DSM-III-R procedure for classifying dysthymia by age of onset, but also point to the need for additional research.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We assessed whether a relationship exists between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and two quantitative aspects of war trauma: the duration of exposure to combat (expressed in months) and the intensity of combat (measured by ratings on the Laufer Combat Scale). These stressor characteristics were measured in relation to PTSD prevalence and persistence. Eighty-four veterans, inducted during the Vietnam War, who attended an orthopedic clinic participated in the study. A significant association was found between duration of combat exposure and prevalence and persistence of PTSD. The longest duration of combat exposure was found in patients who still suffered from PTSD. This duration was shorter for patients in remission and still shorter for patients who had never developed PTSD. Similarly, a significant association was found between combat scale ratings and PTSD. The highest rating was observed in subjects who still had PTSD. The rating was lower in patients in remission and still lower in those who had never experienced PTSD. Having been wounded, which is one of the Laufer Combat Scale items and could be considered particularly traumatic, was strongly associated with PTSD. The findings are discussed in relation to the reliability and validity of the PTSD construct and to the contribution of factors other than stressor characteristics to PTSD symptom expression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the revision to DSM-III, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is no longer considered only a residual category but can be diagnosed even when other axis I disorders are present. In this report, we present basic descriptive data on 22 patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for GAD. Specific spheres of worry most commonly reported by patients with GAD are presented as well as data suggesting that these spheres of worry can be identified and judged as excessive or unrealistic in a reliable fashion. Nearly all GAD patients receive an additional diagnosis (comorbidity). Patterns of comorbidity indicate a high frequency of social phobia as an additional diagnosis in this sample. The present study suggests that, consistent with the new definition of GAD, a group of patients exist who worry excessively about two or more life circumstances and have the accompanying physiological symptoms with sufficient severity to satisfy the diagnostic criteria. Preliminary evidence suggests that this pattern of chronic intense worry about life circumstances discriminates GAD from other anxiety disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The study aimed to determine the predominant defense style in parents who abuse their children, at least as determined by a new defense style questionnaire. The scores of 32 parents who had physically abused their young children and had been assessed after court proceedings were compared with a normal population sample and with patients with anxiety disorders who were equally symptomatic. Parents who had abused their children identified themselves as being particularly likely to use projection, displacement, passive-aggressiveness denial, and splitting to a degree greater than normal persons or patients with anxiety disorders. We would caution that, although the differences remained after statistical control of age and sex differences, a firm conclusion that such defenses are germane to child abuse will have to await replication of these findings with a study using a control group of young parents who do not abuse their children matched for social class and family structure.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID