摘要:

This study estimated the impact of gender on the familial associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD). The risk for ADHD and MD in first degree relatives was stratified by the presence of MD in boy and girl ADHD probands. In families ascertained via boy probands, the risk for MD was greater in the relatives of both the depressed ADHD and nondepressed ADHD probands. In families ascertained via girl probands, there was cosegregation and the risk of MD was greater only for those relatives of depressed ADHD probands. The results indicate that there may be two mechanisms underlying MD in ADHD families: 1) an etiologically distinct familial subtype of ADHD and MD that is more evident in females, and 2) a familial, gender-specific susceptibility to nonfamilial risk factors that mediate the onset of either ADHD or MD in males and females.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The aims of this study were to examine differences in clinical features, impairment, and types of childhood traumas among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), women with BPD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and those with other personality disorders and PTSD. Using baseline data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders, 186 women were divided into 3 groups (BPD+PTSD, BPD, PTSD), based on structured diagnostic interviews for Axis I and Axis II disorders and compared on selected clinical variables. The additional diagnosis of PTSD in borderline women did not significantly increase the degree of borderline pathology and psychiatric morbidity but did significantly increase general dysfunction and the occurrence of hospitalization. The additional diagnosis of BPD in women with PTSD significantly increased the features of suicide proneness and impulsiveness. Both groups of women with PTSD reported significantly more types of childhood traumas relative to borderline women without PTSD. Consistent with other research, the findings suggest that PTSD does not appear to alter the central features of BPD. The clinical implications of our findings are considered.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study is to examine rates of nicotine, marijuana, and alcohol use as well as patterns of problematic substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in inner-city adolescent girls. One hundred four adolescents who obtained medical care at a hospital-based adolescent clinic were systematically surveyed for trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and substance use. A subset (N= 54, 52%) of girls completed a semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL) to ascertain timing of PTSD symptoms relative to substance use. Compared with traumatized girls without PTSD, girls with full and partial PTSD were significantly more likely to use nicotine, marijuana, and/or alcohol on a regular basis. Fifteen girls met criteria for both PTSD and a substance-use disorder. For 80% of these girls, the age of onset of PTSD was either before or concurrent with the onset of their substance-use disorder. Inner-city adolescent girls with PTSD exhibit problematic substance use and may be at high risk of developing a comorbid substance-use disorder.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This cross-sectional, retrospective study used epidemiological and anthropological methods toward two aims: 1) to examine associations between partner violence and major depression in a community probability sample of women and 2) to provide new data on partner violence in Chinese Americans. In this study, 181 Chinese American women were interviewed, with 178 completing structured sections on CIDI 2.1 major depression and on partner violence history. Results indicate that a history of partner violence is associated with significantly higher rates of lifetime, 12-month, and current major depression in this community population. This effect is specific and independent of other factors. Partner violence also has a dose-response relationship with the severity of major depression episodes, increasing risk for severe and moderate episodes. The strength and specificity of this association, its dose-response effect, and its commonality across different populations suggest a possible causal role for partner violence needing further investigation in research on major depression in women.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS) and the overall defensive functioning score (ODF) has been previously examined. This study aims to address gaps in the literature as well as to replicate and extend the initial positive clinical validity data emerging on the DFS (Blais et al., 1996;Hoglend and Perry, 1998;Lingiardi et al., 1999;Perry 2001;Perry and Hoglend, 1998;Perry et al., 1998). Fifty-three outpatient clients were rated by clinicians trained on the DFS. The relationship between the ODF with both clinician-rated and self-report measures of psychopathology was examined. The mean interrater reliability for the DFS levels rated in this study was found to be moderate to high, and reliability for the ODF score was found to be excellent. Coefficient alpha of individual defense levels as well as across the entire DFS indicated high levels of internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed that the ODF represents a construct different from various aspects of patient self-report and clinician ratings of psychopathology. These results provide further support for the clinical application and relevance of the DFS system.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In recent years, the pathologic dissociation taxon developed by Waller, Putnam, and Carlson (Psychological Methods1:300–321, 1996) from a Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) sample has been increasingly used in studies of dissociation in general. However, the taxon’s convergence with dissociative diagnoses other than DID, as well as the taxon’s central premise that pathologic dissociation is a categorical rather than a dimensional construct, remain areas of exploration. This report examines the applicability of the pathologic dissociation taxon to Depersonalization Disorder (DPD). The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to 100 consecutively recruited DPD subjects diagnosed by semistructured clinical interview and by the SCID-D. Taxon membership probability was calculated using the recommended SAS scoring program. Approximately 2/3 of subjects (N= 64) had a very high probability (> .80) of belonging to the taxon, while 1/3 of subjects had a very low probability (<.10) of belonging to the taxon. A taxon cutoff score of 13 yielded an 81% sensitivity in detecting the presence of DPD. The modest convergence between taxonic membership and clinical dissociative disorder diagnosis suggests that the taxon may have important limitations in its use, at least when applied to DPD in its current form. As previously, we continue to recommend a low taxon cutoff score (13) for the sensitive detection of depersonalization disorder. The inference that pathologic dissociation is a unitary and categorical entity is also discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It is unclear whether suicides by different methods are distinguishable by their sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. We set out to investigate whether completed suicides by different methods show disparities in their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Within the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland, all 1,397 suicides occurring April 1, 1987, through March 31, 1988, were investigated using the psychological autopsy method. Disparities were found in characteristics of suicide completers using different methods. Intoxication suicides were more often female and had a history of both previous attempts and psychiatric treatment, whereas suicides by shooting were the opposite in character. Victims using vehicle exhaust gas were most frequently younger males who had experienced a recent interpersonal loss or other adverse event and committed suicide while intoxicated with alcohol. Thus, typical characteristics associate with certain suicide methods, probably due to differences in availability and acceptability of the methods. Various restrictions on the availability of suicide methods are likely to exert their possible impact on somewhat different subpopulations at risk. In terms of suicide prevention, it seems reasonable to target availability restrictions for certain identifiable groups of potential suicide attempters. For instance, carefulness in the practice of prescribing of intoxicating substances to particular psychiatric patients seems justified.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data on discharge diagnoses was obtained from a state-supported mental hospital located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States for the years 1975 through 1999. Results indicated that frequencies of diagnosis of major mental disorders changed significantly during this interval, with reciprocal changes between schizoaffective and affective disorders and schizophrenia. Percentages of total discharge diagnoses of major affective disorders increased threefold, diagnoses of schizoaffective disorders increased fivefold, and schizophrenia diagnoses decreased threefold during the interval of study. Several of these trends were contemporaneous with changes in successive editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Additional factors that may have contributed to changes in diagnostic rates include increased access to disability payments, changes in third-party payment policies and institutional funding priorities, access to improved medications, paradigm shifts, and changes in actual incidence of the disorders. Consistent with changed social policies, length of stay decreased for all groups during the interval 1975–1999.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID