ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Premature infants, visiting parents, and staff in two intensive care units (ICUs) were observed around the clock for 3 weeks to study the early experiences of these infants: types of medical and general care, adult to infant personal attentions, interactions, infant activities (by sensory mode), and factors affecting these patterns of care. Infant case histories included family, medical, and environmental data such as number of days on oxygen or in an incubator. In-depth interviews and epidemiological assessment of psychiatric symptomatology of persons identified in the observations as primary care providers were used to study the psychodynamics of the ICU environment. Data were analyzed longitudinally for each infant and cross-sectionally to identify trends along environmental, sensory mode, and interaction variables. For example, despite increases in respiratory capacity, infant vocalization continued to decrease significantly as the number of days increased with mechanical ventilation, in oxyhoods, incubators, and even in an ICU environment. In effect, initial suppression of vocalization for medical reasons was subsequently reinforced by the ICU environment. The amount of time parents spent with their infants significantly correlated inversely to the number of miles between home and hospital (range of 5 to 180 miles) and dropped to zero for infants transported more than 50 miles (three of 10 such infants became wards of the State during hospitalization). Staff-infant contact for medical care was 10.6% of observation time (12 30-minute observations per infant per day), 10.9% for general care, 15.4% personal attention simultaneous with care tasks, plus 3.8% additional personal attention. These extrapolate to 6.1 hours of infant contact per day. Personal attention correlated significantly with medical care, and at even a higher level with general care, personal attention independent of tasks, and staff rank order of preference for individual infants, thus differentiating between the nurturing care of preferred infants and the more impersonal care provided to infants lower in staff preference. Factors affecting preference were long term prognosis, family-infant and staff-family relations, staff sense of success or failure from working with an infant, familiarity, ethical issues, and the physical and perceptual accessibility of the infant. Persons identified in the observations as primary care providers exhibited a significantly higher degree of psychiatric symptomatology (psychosocial dysfunction, depression, general psychopathology, and psychosomatic symptomatology) than a representative sample of the general population. This symptomatology had links to their attachment to the high risk infants, to the care provider's life history, and to reasons for liking their work. Such findings indicate a need to expand the environmental model used to study the early experiences of high risk premature infants.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recent observations of large, consistent increases in blood pressure during human communication prompted a reassessment of the role of interpersonal factors in the behavioral control of hypertension. It was noted that the conceptual framework around which earlier behavioral studies have been carried out, as well as in the physical methods of pressure determination themselves, have contributed to a general lack of information about the role of interpersonal interactions in hypertension.An awareness of the relationship between speaking and pressure elevations has led to the development of a new conceptual approach to understanding the etiology and treatment of hypertension. Using techniques developed out of transactional psychophysiology, hypertensive patients have been able to observe the importance of interpersonal communications in the regulation of their own blood pressure. Evidence from the clinical use of such information suggests that a new way can be developed to help patients lower their blood pressure.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study evaluated the hypothesis that schizophrenic conceptual disorder derives from abnormal verbal encoding, geared to salient affective and physical cues at the expense of conceptual attributes. Subjects were 63 adult psychotic inpatients, including 42 schizophrenics and 21 nonschizophrenics of similar age, sex, race, and chronicity. They underwent 12 trials on Wickens' release from proactive interference (PI) procedure to measure reliance on three dimensions for encoding: conceptual (taxonomic class), affective (Evaluation axis of the semantic differential), and physical (rhyming sounds). The release effect for schizophrenics, compared with controls, was found to be significantly weaker on the conceptual dimension and correspondingly stronger on the affective dimension. Whereas controls exhibited the normal attraction to conceptual over other cues, schizophrenics presented a flat profile. Nonparanoid and thought-disordered schizophrenics showed particular deficits on the conceptual dimension. All schizophrenic groups contrasted controls by their diminished PI release with less salient concepts. The results thus suggested that encoding by schizophrenics is uniquely oriented to stimulus salience rather than semantic relevance. A fundamental deficiency in processing of cues essential for conceptual operations, accordingly, seems to underlie the conceptual dysfunction in schizophrenia. The implications were discussed in relation to diversities in the cognitive literature and prevalent theories.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Patients with passive-aggressive personality disorder or personality traits represent a very difficult group on which surprisingly little is written. The authors delineate four patterns of passive-aggressive behavior that pose different problems in learning and adaptation. These are the anxiety-inhibited, environmentally inhibited (masochistic), and resentful-vindictive patients and patients inhibited by existential choice. All four types meet the DSM-III criteria for passive-aggressive personality disorder; they may also occur as significant personality traits apart from the fully developed personality disorder.The difficulties that these patients present are the same for clinicians of every theoretical perspective. Using one treatment approach, assertiveness training, the authors offer specific suggestions in the treatment of each type of passive-aggressive patient. These suggestions should aid the clinicians in avoiding premature termination, and fostering both a positive therapeutic alliance and a successful treatment outcome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

From August 5, 1964, the onset of the Vietnam War, until the official ending of the war, May 7, 1975, the Vietnam War tore at the fabric of American society. That tear has not yet been mended. Our nation as a whole has opposed thoughtful reflection about the Vietnam War, and our veterans continue to suffer its consequences. This article summarizes some of the national and psychological problems caused by the war. Special characteristics of the Vietnam War that contributed to these problems are discussed, and post-traumatic stress disorder is reviewed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

What is thought to be the first case of coronary artery bypass in a patient on lithium carbonate prophylaxis is presented. A postcardiotomy delirium developed on day 2 and appeared unrelated to the underlying manic-depressive illness. A 2-year follow-up indicated apparent resolution of pre-existing psychological difficulties and no recurrence of somatic symptoms. It is suggested that lithium carbonate prophylaxis be continued with appropriate monitoring during coronary artery bypass procedures.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID