摘要:

The aim of this study was to examine multivariate patterns of relationships between oculomotor performance, psychopathology, and neuropsychology. Performance on smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movement tasks was assessed in three DSM-III-R diagnosis-based groups of subjects; normal (N= 55), schizophrenic (N= 29), and bipolar disorder (N= 26) and analyzed in relation to age, gender, scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, Shipley intelligence quotient, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. The greatest difference was a higher proportion of errors in the antisaccade task in the schizophrenic and bipolar groups, which was related to worse Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance and was not accounted for by gender, age, education, or intelligence quotient. A significant gender and bipolar interaction showed bipolar women to have worse antisaccade performance. Abnormal smooth pursuit was more specific to schizophrenia. Antisaccade task and sine wave root-mean-square error were correlated in bipolar but not schizophrenic subjects. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms scores had independent associations with the antisaccade task. Faster reaction times in the schizophrenic group to antisaccade errors were observed, suggesting an abnormality in visual attention processing and perhaps sensory gating functions. These results confirm abnormal smooth pursuit in schizophrenia and suggest that impairments in saccadic function are less specific to diagnostic group. Oculomotor performance and psychopathology seem related in complex ways to age, gender, intelligence quotient, and executive neuropsychological and possibly visual attention functions.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although increased prevalence of neurological signs in schizophrenia may reflect the presence of subtle brain dysfunctions, it is not clear whether there is progressive deterioration in such neurological function as the illness advances. This study compared neurological signs in patients with different durations of illness, controlling for age and education level. No deterioration in neurological signs as a function of illness duration was observed. Although there was an increase in neurological signs with age, there was a parallel increase in a control group. In addition, no change in the profile of subgroups of neurological signs was detected. These data provide further evidence for the stability of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia. The findings are discussed in the context of the developmental origin of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been established in the general population that there is a relationship between welfare status and psychological well-being. There are few studies, however, which investigate the effects of welfare dependency on Southeast Asian refugees, a population that is highly dependent on welfare. This study examined the relationship between welfare status and psychological well-being among Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong refugees. The study compared three welfare groups: those who have never been on welfare, those who were once dependent on welfare and are no longer on welfare, and those who are still welfare-dependent. The results supported three hypotheses: a) a high percentage of all four refugee groups were still dependent on welfare even after being in the United States for an average of 5 to 6 years, b) a significant relationship was found between welfare dependency and psychological distress, and c) dependence on welfare had long-term effects for all four groups. An interesting finding that emerged for the Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians was that individuals who were once on welfare but who are no longer receiving welfare benefits are at similar risk as their counterparts who are currently on welfare of developing psychological distress. The findings therefore showed that for this population, if individuals had been touched by welfare at any period in their lives, they were at risk of developing psychological distress. There was an unexpected different finding for the Hmong; individuals who were no longer on welfare were more at risk than those who continued to receive or never had received welfare. Reasons for the intergroup differences and why refugees tended to stay on welfare longer than the general population were explored, along with a discussion about the implications of the findings for refugee policy.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Malignant Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome describes a severe form of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. We update the concept of Malignant Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome, considering the effects of repeated severe traumatization, exposure to atrocities, and a variety of comorbid conditions. An illustrative case report demonstrates an interdisciplinary treatment approach, combining case management, brief hospitalizations, symptom-directed use of medications, and supportive psychotherapy.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the defense style of hospitalized depressed adults improved over the course of treatment. Thirty-one inpatients (24 women and 7 men) with an admitting diagnosis of major depression completed the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire and the 20-item Center for Epidemiologie Studies-Depression Scale. Participants completed the Defense Style Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologie Studies-Depression Scale within 48 hours after admission and within 24 hours before or after discharge. The average admission and discharge Center for Epidemiologie Studies-Depression Scale ratings (± SD) were 41.93 ± 9.93 and 26.45 ± 12.19, respectively. The average hospital length of stay was 7.1 ± 2.8 days. Two-tailedt-test comparisons of the Defense Style Questionnaire admission and discharge ratings showed significantly higher discharge mature ratings, significantly lower discharge immature ratings, and stable neurotic ratings. We concluded that for some depressed women and men, improvement in defense style can occur within days after the initiation of standard inpatient treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cognitive theory ascribes nonendogenous depression to latent dysfunctional beliefs activated by Stressors impinging upon core values (e.g., rejection for a sociotropic person). To address ambiguities in past tests of the theory, this study measured personality (Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale) and recent Stressors (Life Experience Survey and Hassles Scale) among 14 Gushing syndrome patients and 12 controls. Patients scored nonsignificantly higher in sociotropy, and sociotropy correlated positively with depression among patients. Because depression in Gushing syndrome presumably results from biological dysfunction rather than from the interaction of personality and relevant Stressors, these results imply that sociotropy may be a consequence of depression as opposed to a contributory cause. There was no congruence between personality and types of Stressors reported, which suggests that mood-dependent recall does not account for past evidence of congruence.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In 49 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, we assessed the relative influences of adequacy of dialysis (assessed by kinetic transfer/volume urea) and psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety) upon the patients' evaluation of their overall quality of life (QoL). Subjects completed self-rating forms for anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms, for discrete areas relevant to QoL, and for overall QoL; clinicians also rated QoL. Depressive symptoms proved a much stronger correlate of overall QoL than did the biochemical measure of dialysis adequacy, and they remained influential even after adjustment for anxiety, kinetic transfer/volume, and somatic symptoms. In contrast, the effects of kinetic transfer/volume, anxiety symptoms, and somatic symptoms dropped sharply when adjusted for the other variables. Because psychological (especially depressive) symptoms may be stronger determinants of patients' overall QoL than is adequacy of dialysis, assessing QoL and psychological status should be part of the care of end-stage renal disease patients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID