摘要:

Electroencephalographic sleep studies have become an accepted clinical and research tool in the study of affective disorders, but questions persist regarding their diagnostic utility, sensitivity, and specificity. Several important methodological and conceptual issues are often overlooked in the sensitivity/specificity issue. Appraisals of sleep studies' utility may be affected by the competing needs of clinical and research studies and by focusing too narrowly on the diagnostic use of sleep studies, rather than on their wider clinical and research applications. Examples are presented that demonstrate the utility of sleep studies in examining other aspects of the neurobiology of depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The need for permanent housing for the chronically mentally ill has received a great deal of attention over the last several years. One response to the problem has been the development of supportive housing, that is, non-facility-based permanent homes with placement based on clients' functional capabilities and preferences. However, little research has focused on assessing the match between clients and environmental requirements. This study begins to identify the social and clinical characteristics of clients that contribute to selection into different types of housing environments. Ninety-one clients were sampled from the supportive housing services of a major provider in two New England states. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability that clients will be placed into apartments vs. other, more restricted settings, based on their clinical and social characteristics. Findings show that the primary determinants of placement were clinical severity, early family history, and adequacy of family support. The less severely ill and better functioning the client, the more likely that he or she was placed in an apartment. This was mitigated, however, by the availability and adequacy of family support. In addition, clients with early family disruptions were also less likely to be placed in apartments. Findings are discussed in light of their implications for providing permanent housing placements for chronically mentally ill persons and for factors in future research to evaluate the success of placement.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The authors assessed adolescents (264 psychiatric inpatients and 742 high school students) with a new instrument (the Sommerfeldt-Clark Adolescent Recklessness Scale) to test whether adolescents show individual differences on a dimension ranging from physical caution to physical recklessness. The three dimensions that emerged reflect an interest in weapons and military dangers, which we have tentatively labeled “foolhardiness”; the combination of dangerous driving and substance abuse; and involvement with smoking, drug use, and “bad company.” The personality traits of “venturesomeness” and “impulsiveness” were significantly correlated with all three recklessness factors. The first two factors showed no significant relationship with patient status, diagnosis of mood disorder, or history of suicidal behavior; the third factor was associated with inpatient status and a history of suicide attempts.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Few community-based field studies have examined racial differences in the prevalence of phobia disorders. Using data from two sites of a large epidemiologic survey, this study investigates risk factors associated with the one-month prevalence of phobia disorders from 2340 black and 3936 white respondents. Findings indicate that recent prevalence is higher for blacks than whites, with racial differences remaining even when demographic and socioeconomic factors are held constant. Additional significant risk factors for recent phobia pertained to site and being female, being young, and having low education attainment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A number of different indicators of psychopathology were assessed in this study of 76 cocaine and crack abusers who entered outpatient treatment in New York City between June and December 1987. The majority (75%) had used cocaine for 4 years or more, and the majority (62%) spent over one thousand dollars a month on cocaine in the 6 months before entry into treatment. Forty-seven percent of the sample were found to be clinically depressed. Phobic disorders were the only other axis I diagnoses found in addition to depression, and all persons who were found to have phobic disorders also were diagnosed as having some form of depressive disorder. The four most common axis II diagnoses were antisocial personality (21%), passive-aggressive (21%), borderline (18%) and self-defeating (18%).Subjects were classified as falling into one of the following three categories of a newly developed “psychopathology classification”: a) no diagnosed psychopathology except substance abuse or dependency; b) one or more axis II diagnoses, but no axis I diagnoses except for substance abuse or dependency; c) at least one axis I diagnosis in addition to drug disorders whether or not accompanied by an axis II diagnosis. Mean scores on subscales and total score on the SCL-90, as well as total score on the Beck Depression Inventory, were ordered by category of the classification scheme, with those having no diagnosed psychopathology except substance abuse having the lowest score and persons in the third category having the highest score. Persons diagnosed as having depressive disorders were found to have started to use tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine at a significantly earlier age than persons not suffering from these disorders. Although not conclusive, these data suggest that such persons are especially likely to have severe involvement with drugs.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We describe a new psychological testing procedure used on a consecutive series of 14 patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders who met DSM-III-R and research criteria for dissociative disorders. Once dissociative phenomena were accounted for in testing, most patients displayed response patterns markedly different from those of schizophrenic and borderline patients. Patients showed striking variability on cognitive and projective tests, often related to posttraumatic intrusions. Rorschach protocols showed unusual thinking accompanied by psychological complexity and highly developed self-observing capacity. In contrast to classical conceptualizations about these patients, most subjects had personality profiles that were intellectualized, obsessive, and introversive, not histrionic or labile.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this prospective study, five patients who had repeatedly shown troublesome restless emergence agitation after each of 20 sessions of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with a succinylcholine dose about .7 mg/kg showed no agitation after 15 ECT sessions in which the succinylcholine dose was increased to about 1.0 mg/kg. The probability that the pattern of response to higher succinylcholine dose resulted from random processes is less than .005. This provides evidence that patients predisposed to emergence agitation are sensitive to seizure-induced metabolic changes in skeletal muscle tissue and that the likelihood of emergence agitation rises with the ratio of skeletal muscle mass to succinylcholine dose. Because ECT-inducted serum lactate elevations are blocked by succinylcholine, emergence agitation might be essentially the same phenomenon as lactate-induced panic.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID