摘要:

Nineteen Ss slept for 2 nights in the laboratory. Verbal suggestions were administered to the Ss while they were in stage 1 sleep (defined by conservative electroencephalographic criteria). A cue word presented during alpha-free stage 1 sleep was sometimes sufficient to elicit the suggested response without awakening theS, even when a temporal delay existed between the suggestion and the cue word. For example, the cue word could be repeated in the same stage 1 period as the suggestion (immediate), or during a 2nd night without repetition of the suggestion (carry over). With the latter, theShad no waking memory for the procedures of the previous night. Susceptibility to hypnosis was assessed after all Ss had completed the sleep sessions. A complex relationship was found among the frequency of sleep-induced response, susceptibility to hypnosis, and how well theSslept. Insusceptible Ss were less likely to respond while asleep and had less opportunity to respond because they awakened when cue words were presented. They had also reported that they were poor sleepers outside of the laboratory situation. Response to sleep-induced suggestions was not correlated with waking motor suggestion, nor with hypnotic passive and challenge suggestion. Rather, sleep response rate was significantly related to hallucinatory and posthypnotic clusters of hypnotic behavior (which can be experienced only by deeply hypnotized Ss), particularly with responses obtained when there was temporal dissociation between the suggestion and the cue word. Thus, the multiple correlation predicting the carry over response frequency during sleep, using S's subjective sleep patterns and either the hallucinatory or posthypnotic clusters as predictors, was .62 and .68, respectively. The relationship between sleep-induced behavior and hypnosis docs not seem to imply any similarity or interchange-ability of hypnotic and sleep states.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In order to study the sleep characteristics of the normal elderly male, 16 volunteers aged 71 to 95 years (mean age, 80.2), slept in the laboratory for at least 2 or 3 base line nights each.Age correlated positively (r = .64, p < .01) with number of awakenings and negatively (r= −.43, .05 < p < .1) with percentage of time asleep, indicating increasing sleep disturbance between the ages of 71 and 95 years. Mean rapid eye movement sleep (REM) percentage was 20.1; total REM time, 74 minutes; and mean REM period length, 17 minutes. Age correlated negatively with each of these measures (−.50, −.47 and −.51, respectively, allp< .05); however, REM sleep did not appear markedly reduced until late old age. Mean percentage of stage 4 sleep was 4.5 and stage 3, 17.2. In comparison to the young adult, stage 4 sleep appeared decreased and stage 3 sleep, increased. The amplitude of delta waves in the aged was reduced, a finding which probably contributed to the lowered amounts of stage 4 sleep. The latency from sleep onset to the first REM period in the elderly seemed shortened. This reduced latency probably resulted from decreased stage 4 sleep during the first non-REM period. REM sleep increased in the latter part of the night, and this was due to decreased intervals between REM periods and not to increased REM period lengths. Finally, with increased age there were more frequent interruptions of REM periods by stretches of stage 2 sleep.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Levels of cognitive functioning and drive have been hypothesized to influenceamountof rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of cognitive and drive functioning on amounts of REM sleep in the aged. Level of drive was defined by 1) the individual's proportion of REM periods accompanied by full erection and 2) his reported frequency of sexual outlet. Level of cognitive functioning was defined by each individual's Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) score and Wechsler Memory Scale score. Strength of grip was also studied as a control measure.Sleep data were available from 16 normal male subjects, aged 71 to 95 years. Amount of erection was measured on strain gauge nights and reported frequency of sexual outlet was obtained from interviews. The WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale and strength of grip evaluations were completed after the sleep nights. Amount of REM sleep correlated significantly with a) proportion of REM periods categorized as full erection (p < .05),b) the WAIS digit symbol subtest (p < .01) and c) the WAIS performance and Wechsler Memory Scale scores (combined) (p < .05).The significant correlations between amount of REM sleep and frequency of full erection were not considered confirmation of the drive hypothesis because 1) significant correlations were also obtained between REM sleep and nondrive measures, and 2) there were difficulties in interpreting the correlations in terms of a drive theory. We did not find as high correlations between amount of REM sleep and WAIS performance and Wechsler Memory Scale scores for the aged as had been previously reported. Also the significant correlation between amount of REM sleep and the WAIS digit symbol subtest was not considered a clear confirmation of the cognitive hypothesis, since it may have reflected a psychomotor slowing with age as well as lowered cognition. Therefore, it was concluded that the present findings reflect a general physiological decline with age, affecting amount of REM sleep, erection, cognition and other aspects of functioning, and probably due to the deterioration of the central nervous system.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Nine out of 17 recently hospitalized Korsakoff patients, 9 out of 16 recently hospitalized chronic alcoholics and 13 out of 16 Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric staff members resumed an interrupted task. This finding is at variance with Talland's finding that chronically hospitalized Korsakoff patients did not resume an interrupted task while outpatient alcoholics did. In this study, age, education level and vocabulary covaried significantly with resumption of the task by Korsakoff patients. Considering the multiple variables that affect this test, it is untenable to regard resumption of an interrupted task as a simple measure of initiative as Talland did. Also, clinical observations are inconsistent in confirming lack of initiative as a basic quality of acute Korsakoff's syndrome. Failure to resume an interrupted task as a measure of lack of initiative was a cornerstone of Talland's concept that Korsakoff patients suffer from a deficiency of impetus to search. Therefore, his theory is in question. An alternate theory that Korsakoff patients settle for an imprecise sort of data embraces both experimental and clinical findings.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Eight tests sensitive to the presence of schizophrenic thinking disorder were administered to 54 early schizophrenics and 57 matched neurotic controls. Schizophrenics functioned at significantly inferior levels (p= <.01) on six of the eight tests. However, mean scores indicated test differences too small to be of use diagnostically. Analysis of data in terms of high, medium and low IQ groups revealed that high IQ schizophrenic patients frequently did as well as, and sometimes better than, their neurotic controls on most tests, while low IQ schizophrenics functioned much more poorly than did their neurotic controls. The Rorschach test revealed a pathognomonic diagnostic sign, characteristic mainly of high IQ schizophrenics. The concept of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia would appear to be in need of closer investigation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study dealt with the use and evaluation of the “buddy” treatment model for hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. Essentially, this model pertained to pairing patients and then maximizing their exposure to each other in their living situation and all daily activities. In an effort to promote motivation for work, mutual interaction and shared responsibility between buddies, the model made the privileges each buddy received contingent upon the weeklyaveragebehavior rating score of the buddy pair. The rationale for the use of the buddy system was discussed in terms of the fairly common social occurrence of this type of relationship and the generally held benefits for the participants.The results of the study, based on clinical impressions and corroborated by statistical analysis, indicated a marked improvement in behavioral functioning of the patients exposed to the buddy treatment model. It should be noted, however, that the general enhanced performance by the group of patients, 28 in all, was chiefly a function of the marked improvement of 12 of the patients. Furthermore, behavioral improvement for a number of these patients did not necessarily lead to discharge from the hospital. Nevertheless, even given these qualifications, it was the authors' impression that the buddy treatment model held significant therapeutic potential for the chronic schizophrenic patient.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The paper describes a double blind trial between imipraminc and phenobarbital in neurotic depression in general practice, involving 170 patients. Patients were treated for a total of 8 weeks, with either a cross-over of drugs a t 4 weeks or continued administration of one drug throughout, the order of treatment being randomized. Results wcre assessed on a five-item symptom-rating scale, each item being assessed on four degrees of severity. These assessments were made initially and at 2-Week intervals throughout the trial.The results were expressed as a proportion of the total possible improvement, if all symptoms had been completely relieved at each assessinent period. Statistically there were no differences between the overall results with the two drugs at any period of the trial, with the exception of thc first 2 weeks, when phenobarbital was better than imipramine, at the 5 percent level of probability. There were no differences in the results in relation to the fire symptom groups.Dosage was adjusted in the range of 1 to 2 t.i.d. (imipramine, 25 mg; phenobarbital, 20 mg) and at the end of the trial, 56 percent of patients on imipramine were being treated with the smaller dose, as compared to 48 percent on phenobarbital. More side effects occurred with imiprainine in the earlier part of the trial and vice versa with phenobarbital, so that at the end of the trial there were no side effects in 81 percent of patients on imiprainine and in 72 percent on phenobarbital. The coininoilest side effect with imipramine was headache (9 percent), followed by dry mouth (6 percent) and tenseness (3 percent); the commonest side effect with phenobarbital was drowsiness (19 percent), followed by headache and vertigo (3 percent each). It was not found that the results were influeneed by the type of depression, the degree of the anxiety component or any other factor, except that better results were recorded in eases of shorter duration with phenobarbital, but not with imipramine.It mas concluded that the trial had not demonstrated a specific anti-depressant effect from imiprainine in these cases of neurotic depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper discusses the facilitation of thc psychoanalytic treatment of the younger adolescent by the use of joint parent-adolescent interviews. This special technique (parameter), employed mainly in the introductory diagnostic phase but continued occasionally throughout the psychoanalytic treatment, has proved to be a valuable adjunct. There are no refercnces in the psychoanalytic literature concerning the technique of working with the parents of adolescents who are in analytic treatment.Since the younger adolescent still lives within the closed system of the family, is still immature and dependent, in the process of detachment from the home, any treatment including psychoanalysis must include techniques in handling, not only the adolescent's own problems, but those of his parents. The younger adolescent rarely initiates contact with the psychoanalyst. I t is made by his parents, who insist on a meaningful contact with the therapist. While there are always parental resistances to over-come, there is frequently the task of overcoming the continued denial by the adolescent of his own necd for treatment. Besides the difficulty in setting up therapeutic alliance with the adolescent, there are the problems of a development of a therapeutic contract with the parents. Frequently contact is broken off during the diagnostic study if no significant contact is maintained with the parents. In addition, even when parents and the adolescent consent to treatment, during the treatment procedure parents frequently call and insist on being seen. Many will not accept referral to another therapist for discussion of their concerns. Thc lack of techniques to work with the parents adversely affects the treatment of the adolescent. By the use of joint parent-adolescent interviews, parental and adolescent resistances to treatment have been reduced, insuring the therapeutic contract and encouraging a therapeutic alliance. Countertransference reactions regarding the family communication and confidentiality have been lessened and valuable information concerning the intrafamily neurosis and the outside world of the adolescent are obtained.While there is no doubt that such joint interviews affect the transference relationship with the patient, the unmet needs of parents also have their affect on the transference. The important issue to be examined is the effect such interviews have on the analyst's position as a transference figure and on the development of the transference neurosis. If the transference relationship is essentially unaltered or only temporarily influenced and is modifiable by interpretation in the analysis, such a parameter can be a very helpful adjunct in the psychoanalytic treatment of the adolescent. If such techniques are successful, the need for continued joint inter-views will disappear. All trcatrnent disrupts the basic family equilibrium and techniques must be developed to cope with the ensuing transference problems of the untreated family members. It happens more vividly in adolescent psychoanalysis and joint parent-adolescent interviews can overcome thc family disequilibrium.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study describes symptoms and family interactional patterns of 10 anorexia nervosa patients studied on an acute inpatient psychiatric service in which family and group treatment are emphasized and standardized multidimensional behavioral rating scales are routinely collected. All of the patients were female and conformed to the following criteria: a weight loss amounting to greater than 25 per cent of ideal weight, bizarre food avoidances and fads, and no evidence of psychosis. Two distinct phases of hopsitalization emerged. In the initial phase of 6 weeks, weight increased rapidly and behavioral symptoms decreased during the first 4 weeks, while from the 4th to 6th weeks, weight gain decreased and ratings on four symptoms (depressed mood, compulsivity, histrionic behavior and verbal hostility) increased, approaching admission levels. During this phase, patients skillfully managed to occupy any discussion with the topic of food to the exclusion of any emotional content. Parents mirrored the characteristics of the individual patients, in that they suppressed positive feelings and demonstrated an abundance of intellectualism, rational disputation and rigidity. The second phase of hospitalization occurred from the 7th week on. The four symptoms diminished and a steady weight gain persisted for the remainder of the hospitalization. Increase in symptoms with accompanying weight fluctuations seemed to occur at times of stress, for example, as discharge approached. During the second phase of hospitalization, once weight was no longer a critical problem, more dynamic family issues emerged in the interactions and verbalizations of patients and family. These related to 1) dependency, 2) separation and 3) a pattern of changing alliances within the family. The theoretical implications of these findings are dicussed. Follow-up data obtained 1 to 5 years after hospitalization are presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1969

数据来源: OVID