摘要:

In 1972, a major review paper by Spinetta and Rigler (Spinetta, J. J., and Rigler, D. The child abusing parent: A psychological review. Psychol. Bull., 77: 296–304, 1972) was published. This paper examined the largely clinical literature that existed up to that time on the psychological characteristics of the abusing parent. The authors concluded that abusive parents were abused as children, lacked accurate parenting knowledge, and were characterologically impulsive, and that socioeconomic stressors were neither necessary nor sufficient causal factors in the abuse cycle. In the last decade, a considerable number of controlled empirical studies on the abusive parent have been published. This paper critically investigates these studies with respect to the four conclusions offered by Spinetta and Rigler and suggests future areas of research need.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

On a sample of 198 former depressive inpatients (145 female, 53 male), cluster analyses were carried out, both on the subjects and on the items for classificatory reasons. The study was based on 38 items relevant for the diagnostic axes of clinical phenomenology (during illness), characteristics of the course, and (intermorbid) personality. The findings from the multivariate statistical methods support the existence of a neurotic depressive disorder which can be identified by essential features and accessory features on the aforementioned three diagnostic axes. Especially noteworthy are maintained reactivity to the outside world, normal sadness, hypochondriasis, and open aggression; insidious onset of the depressive episode and long duration; and the neurotic basic personality. Despite a certain heterogeneity of the isolated neurotic depressive subgroups and profiles, their similarity is based on substantial common properties. In a comprehensive view of our findings, one can justifiably speak of a specific disorder that need not be defined in the negative as compared to the endogenous depression, but can be characterized in the positive.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Physicians frequently use the term problem patient to subjectively label individuals who present with vague and shifting symptoms involving multiple organ systems, chronically complain, constantly worry about their health, and contribute in other ways to physician uncertainty and frustration. This article describes the development and reliability and validity studies of an instrument that objectively measures physicians' perceptions of problem patients. As such, the instrument quantifies a key qualitative impression that physicians may formulate. Use of the instrument in an ambulatory care setting yielded highly reliable data which, when subjected to correlation and regression analyses, display expected relationships with a parsimonious set of independent variables. We conclude that the instrument holds promise for further clinical and research work involving problem patients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Pointer dogs learn complex hunting tasks such as vigorous aim-directed activity in tracking specific birds and sudden rigid immobility “on point” at appropriate distance from the prey. In the presence of a human, dogs of the Arkansas Line of Nervous Pointers show markedly reduced activity. In close quarters, where they cannot flee, they usually react to humans by freezing. These responses do not extinguish. The breed demonstrates a strong capacity to inhibit motion. In our nervous dogs, this trait is greatly exaggerated. In the search for an objective and rapidly modifiable target motor sign to correlate with biochemical and pharmacological events, we discovered that 10 of 10 nervous dogs, in contrast to kennel mates of a normal line, developed tonic immobility (TI) which was induced by manual inversion into a sling and stroking. This is the first systematic demonstration of TI in mature dogs. The TI was accompanied by reduced telemetered heart rate (HR) compared to baseline. Release from the inverted position was accompanied by marked HR increase. In the absence of humans, both before and after the inversion, all nervous dogs showed little or no movement about the testing area. This was in contrast to the nine normal line dogs, which were comparable in age and sex. These normal dogs were very active before and after inversion into the sling. Five of the normals remained in the sling but did not show head and neck immobility and were generally relaxed. Their HRs increased slightly while in the inverted position, thereafter returning to baseline. The four normals which righted themselves soon after the inversion showed reduced HR with the resumed activity. We discuss possible mechanisms and review some of the implications for psychiatry and behavioral biology.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using procedures originated by Bruneret al.(Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J., and Austin, G.A Study of Thinking.John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956), paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and nonpatients were compared on performance in identifying rules for organizing multidimensional items. Successive item selections were accompanied by feedback as to whether or not each corresponded to the rule currently in effect (either conjunctive, inclusive-disjunctive, or biconditional). The most pronounced aspects of deficit associated with paranoid status were related to performance latency. Examination of results in the light of component operations underlying the present task indicated that paranoids' lower performance stemmed from difficulties in initially translating stimulus properties into a task-facilitative format. Findings were related to earlier paranoid distinctives in (choice) reaction time latencies, as well as to earlier findings on rule definition learning involving procedures closely related to the present ones. As well, inferences were drawn as to conditions of rule acquisition where differential latency aspects of performance are likely to be most pronounced among paranoids.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examines the application of civil commitment criteria for prolonged (14-day) involuntary hospitalization of individuals judged to be dangerous to others by reason of mental illness. The California Civil Commitment Statute (Lanterman-Petris-Short, LPS) provides for such commitment, after a 72-hour period of observation. For a sample of 71 males on an acute inpatient unit, we examined the relationship between 14-day certification by reason of dangerousness to others (DO) under the LPS and measures of prehospitalization dangerousness, prior legal status, assaultive behavior in hospital, and mental status. The 31 per cent of subjects who were certified as DO were found to have been significantly more often held initially for 72-hour observation on the DO grounds than were patients who were certified for other reasons. However, subjects in the DO group were no different from the contrast groups on ratings of assaultiveness of preadmission behavior and of violent acts while in hospital. The implications of these results for the evaluation of civil commitment proceedings are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fifty-nine anergically depressed patients were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with either tranylcypromine or placebo. Anergic major depression most typically occurs in primary bipolar and in pseudounipolar affective illnesses. We hypothesized that tranylcypromine would be a highly effective and rapid treatment for depressions of this type.Results of repeated measures analyses of variance showed superiority of active drug over placebo by the end of the first week, and this improvement increased in significance at each successive visit. Improvement on tranylcypromine after week 1 was greater than that on placebo after week 6. Analysis of covariance of week 6 scores (corrected for week 0 scores) showed significantly greater improvement for tranylcypromine patients on all measures of depressive symptomatology. Tranylcypromine is a rapid, relatively safe, and dramatically effective treatment for anergic depression. Since 24 of 29 of the bipolar subjects had previously failed to respond to tricyclics and since bipolar depression is usually anergic, tranylcypromine should be compared to imipramine to determine the antidepressant of choice for manic-depressive illness.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This retrospective study compared the treatment responses of 34 primary, unipolar depressives without psychotic features and 30 with psychotic features. Patients were diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria and received trials of tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, the combination of the two, electroconvulsive therapy, or placebo and psychotherapy. Only three of 18 psychotic patientsvs.17 of 23 nonpsychotic patients responded to antidepressants alone. Electroconvulsive therapy and the combination of antipsychotic and antidepressant medication gave better responses. These data suggest that major depressive disorder with psychotic features is best considered as a distinct subtype rather than a severe variant of major depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Seventeen patients hospitalized for acute mania were followed up 1 month after discharge. Ratings of psychopathology at discharge using a new Mania Rating Scale differentiated the 12 patients who maintained outpatient status for 1 month from the five who did not. Total scores greater than 14.0 predicted being rehospitalized or jailed. Significantly higher item ratings for speech (rate and amount), language-thought disorder, irritability, and disruptive-aggressive behavior were noted in the poorer compared to the better outcome group.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID