摘要:

A sample of child guidance clinic cases with a young adult onset of schizophrenia were followed into middle age. Outcome ratings and marital status were used as predictive criteria for childhood measures of IQ, aggressiveness, and severity of disturbance. The interaction of IQ and levels of aggressive symptomatology revealed a subgroup of preschizophrenics with low IQ and below average aggressiveness who had disproportionately unfavorable adult outcomes and never-married status. The results demonstrated the important moderating effects of a second variable on the predictive statements made about an initial predictor.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated whether deviant types of attention, measured by reaction time, would characterize schizophrenics, depressives, and healthy siblings of the schizophrenic probands. Nineteen schizophrenics, 16 depressives, 15 healthy siblings of the schizophrenics, and 19 normals were tested on the cross-modal reaction time task. Two ways of conveying information about the impending imperative stimulus were compared to attempt to normalize schizophrenic cross-modal retardation. Deviant shift of attention was measured by cross-modal retardation, i.e., a greater than normal lengthening of reaction time to crossmodal us. ipsimodal stimuli. Both schizophrenics and depressives showed deviant shift of attention to sound stimuli, but only schizophrenics were deviant to light stimuli. Anomalous cross-modal retardation was not normalized by the experimental manipulation. Both patient groups showed significantly slowed reaction time, suggesting deviances of general alertness. Depressed patients displayed anomalous sustained attention, indexed by significant lengthening of reaction time over trials. Siblings of schizophrenics did not differ significantly from controls on any aspect of reaction time performance. High magnitude of cross-modal retardation to sound and slow overall reaction time may be markers of psychopathological disorder rather than vulnerability. High cross-modal retardation to light may be a marker of schizophrenic disorder. Slowing of reaction time over trials is a potential marker of depressive disorder.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Schizophrenics, depressives, and normal controls were tested on a binaural listening task in which pairs of simultaneous continuous prose passages were presented. Subjects were required to shadow one passage of each pair and ignore the other. The passages in each pair, although differing markedly in content, were inseparable on the basis of their physical features. As predicted, the performance of schizophrenics on such a task was markedly worse than that of the other groups.The results were interpreted within the framework of Broadbent's model of selective attention (Broadbent, D. E. Decision and Stress. Academic Press, London, 1971). This makes a distinction between “pigeonholing” (response set) and “filtering” (stimulus set). The present findings are compatible with a schizophrenic defect at the pigeonholing stage. In contrast, the evidence for a defect in filtering specific to schizophrenia remains weak, due to the use of inappropriate control groups in a number of studies reviewed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In an attempt to understand the mystery of schizophrenia, researchers have often studied the eyes of schizophrenic patients. These investigations have included ophthalmological decriptions of the pupil and the disc, electrophysiological research into eye movements, and clinical phenomenological data concerning the bizarre symbolic significance that schizophrenics attach to eyes. This paper attempts to describe how patients who fit the broader definition of schizophrenic spectrum disorder use or misuse eyeglasses, especially in the clinical setting. These patients may lose or break their glasses and not replace them, they may refuse to wear them, or they may simply forget that they wear glasses altogether. The author explores this phenomenon through the study of four case reports and proposes a hypothesis to explain the meaning of this behavior. Its application to clinical treatment is then discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Kelly Role Construct Repertory Test (rep grid) was administered to 19 depressed patients, 19 psychiatric controls, and 19 normal controls. Tests were analyzed to produce measures of cognitive complexity, self-ideal congruency, negative self-construing, identification (self-other distances), and consistency of within-factor self-attribution. In comparison to the two control groups, three characteristics of depressed patients emerged: a) the well known tendency to construe oneself negatively occurred but not in terms of a greater number of factors with consistent negative self-description; instead, b) depressed patients had more mixed (positive and negative) self-description than other patients, thus suggesting a propensity to cognitive slot movement; finally, c) independent of positivity/negativity, depressed patients had a greater tendency to view themselves as different from others. From these findings a formulation about depression is presented, and implications for etiology and treatment are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This household survey of a random sample of 713 rural adults (ages 18 to 60) examined the influence of event characteristics upon the relationship between life change events and impairment. Data were obtained on the occurrence of events, event characteristics, demographic characteristics, and psychiatric impairment (using the General Weil-Being Schedule and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Analyses indicated that individuals experiencing higher proportions of undesirable, unanticipated, unpreventable, and disruptive events or events having minimal social support manifested higher levels of psychiatric symptomatology. Although total number of events was consistently the best predictor of impairment, it did not diminish the effects of the event characteristics on impairment. The independent effects of these event characteristics are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We evaluated the reliability of 20 cognitive tasks as part of a clinical mental status examination. Twenty-five adult psychiatric inpatients were selected at random and interviewed before three board-certified psychiatrists who, without any knowledge of each other's ratings, completed a form determining the presence or absence of abnormal responses. We found 19 of the 20 items to yield R values of greater than .50, with 14 of these having R values of .80 or better. All correlations were significant at the <.01 level. We suggest that these cognitive tasks with demonstrated reliability be included in the standard mental status examination. As a group, the tasks are easily and rapidly administered and should provide more accurate clinical screening of patients suspected of cortical dysfunction. These tasks will enable clinicians to make more precise and cost-effective referrals for elaborate, timeconsuming, and expensive neuropsychological testing.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present review of psychomotor response to psychotropic substances is restricted to normal subjects and describes responses to the initial standard dose of psychotropic substances in common use. Only placebo-controlled studies which permitted statistical analysis of treatment group differences were considered for the summary. It was revealed that virtually all psychotropic substances have immediate detracting effects. The nature of the effects varied somewhat according to the class of drug. It is suggested that this kind of information has safety implications which could-influence the choice of medication.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A comparative study of spontaneous dyskinesias and neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias was made in 270 elderly subjects of a retirement home in France. Females were found to have twice the incidence of dyskinesias (27 per cent) than did males (12 per cent) (p=.04). In' addition, 18 per cent of the patients who had not received neuroleptics had dyskinesias; however, 42 per cent of those who had received neuroleptics had dyskinesias. This difference is significant at the ρ=.0001 level. These results are discussed in terms of the general phenomena of central nervous system degeneration in the elderly.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The frequency of antinuclear antibodies was evaluated in older men and women aged 60 to 100 years with presumptive diagnoses of chronic brain syndrome or dementing illness. Thirteen per cent of the women and none of the men with organic brain syndrome had positive titers, compared to 3 per cent for older men and women aged 60 to 89 years evaluated in a medical clinic population. It would appear to be valuable to evaluate the significance of antinuclear antibodies and other autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of dementing illness in the elderly.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID