ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Those who want and have no children are different from and yet similar to those who want children but cannot have them. Childlessness is closely intertwined with such other topics as remaining unmarried and postponing marriage or childbearing. The psychological difference between zero and one child is much greater than that between one and two children. In Western lands today, a child typically makes much more difference in adults' lives than does marriage. Not over 1 or 2 per cent of contemporary marriages in the United States remain intentionally childless, but in depression times the picture was different. This paper stresses possibilities for promoting childlessness to reduce population growth and also the psycho-social causes and effects of childlessness.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationships observed between selected childhood family characteristics (family size, birth order, and sex distribution) and self-derogation scores of adult subjects are described. Data were collected by survey research methods from a representative sample (N= 500) of the adult population of Harris County (including the city of Houston), Texas.Significant relationships were observed between adult self-derogation and the number (oddvs.even) of siblings, birth order, and sex distribution of children. No relationship between self-derogation and only child status or family size was noted. Interaction effects of childhood family structure and subject characteristics (sex, race, social class, rural-urban origins) are noted. Discussion of related literature, tentative hypotheses, and implications for future research are offered.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The histories of pregnancy and birth complications (PBCs) were studied in the births of 61 children under treatment for a range of psychologically-related behavioral disturbances and 305 children born in consecutive birth series in the same hospitals with the disturbed children. The control subjects were similar to the disturbed subjects in sex, race, social class, and maternal age at birth. The mother's and child's records for this birth were evaluated by an investigator who was unaware of the disturbed or control status of the child. The data were collected on a Birth Information Form which yielded consistent intercoder agreements of 95 per cent. As compared with the controls, the entire disturbed group had a significantly greater number of subjects with a history of PBCs and also a significantly greater number of PBCs per subject. Seriously disturbed subjects had slightly higher frequencies of PBCs than did moderately to mildly disturbed subjects. Prematurity, problems concerning birth, and a persisting weak or delayed respiration were especially notable in the histories of the disturbed children.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An attempt was made to correlate use of oral contraceptives with the development of mood and/or sexual disturbances and, if a relationship were found, to determine whether such disturbance fell into any predictable pattern. Hypotheses were chosen in seven broad categories: 1) previous history of psychiatric disorders; 2) current life stresses; 3) attitudes toward contraception; 4) symptoms due to expectations of the effect of the pill; 5) marital and sexual adjustment; 6) physiological alteration secondary to pill usage; 7) reaction to pregnancies.Thirty-nine women from a private patient population were studied. Sixteen experienced adverse psychological symptoms. Twenty-three had no emotional difficulty and were used as controls. This is a nonrandom sample, in that subjects with difficulties were sought. The women were studied by means of interviews and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Of those who had difficulty, eleven showed depressive reactions and five had loss of sexual interest and pleasure not related to depression. All developed these symptoms while on the oral contraceptives and lost them after discontinuance.The affected women could not be differentiated from their controls by means of any of the hypothesized variables. However, two factors tended to correspond with the development of adverse reaction: 1) use of the combined (as opposed to sequential) type of contraceptive pill and 2) age of the subject. The results suggest that women who have adverse reactions to oral contraceptives might represent a biochemically different subgroup in whom estrogen-progesterone steroids are the triggering mechanisms for mood and sexual disturbances.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The psychiatric elements found in or attributed to women who request and obtain abortions under regular medical auspices are presented as distilled from relevant literature and experience with several hundred unwillingly pregnant females. The confusion of the present situation prevailing in most states and consisting of a conglomerate of medical, legal, and sociocultural traditions and beliefs makes strictly professional judgments impossible.The importance of abortion as a stopgap for contraceptive failure in the broadest sense and hence as a significant family-planning measure with inherent benefits for the emotional health and welfare of all family members has been neglected. Abortion in itself is a safe, simple procedure without clinically significant psychiatric sequellae, but it becomes an emotionally traumatic experience because of the medicolegal obstacles which lead 1,000,000 or more women to seek illegal abortions in contrast to some 10,000 legal abortions performed annually. Psychiatric considerations must extend to the unhealthy consequences of unwanted pregnancy and motherhood and the attendant risks for the emotional development and personality of the unwanted offspring.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Antiabortion laws, many of which have remained unchanged since their origins in the late 19th century, have been under increasing pressure from three modern developments: 1) advances in medical science minimizing the risk of operative procedures; 2) the desire to control overpopulation; 3) the growing emphasis on individual human rights and civil liberties.Because of certain political pressures, however, legislators have not abandoned the archaic laws but have liberalized them. By means of definitional transformations and the granting of dispensations from their inherent restrictions, these liberalizations allow the laws to retain their seemingly anachronistic form while ameliorating many of their consequences. The inclusion of mental health provisions in the liberalized laws places the psychiatrist in thede factoposition of granting dispensations and forming new definitions. Such a situation is not new to the history of jurisprudence nor to the psychiatric profession. Several examples are discussed.Some authors object to such utilization of psychiatrists by the legal system. However, the central contention of this paper is that, if the psychiatric profession is to function in the primary prevention of mental illness, then we have no choice but to remain on the scene, for there now seems to be evidence to support the proposition that to force a woman to carry a pregnancy to term against her will may be detrimental to her mental health as well as to the mental health of her as yet unborn child. The evidence is reviewed by comparing previously reported psychiatric outcome in women who were refused abortion with the outcome in women granted abortion in the United States and Sweden (24 per cent of women denied abortion show significant, continuing psychiatric disability at 7− to 11-year follow-up,vs.0 to 2 per cent significant psychiatric disability after therapeutic abortion). In addition, a study of 120 children born after application for therapeutic abortion was refused shows that they had greater social and emotional handicaps than their peers.The authors' own data collected by follow-up questionnaires sent to 70 consecutive women granted therapeutic abortion for psychiatric indications under the new California therapeutic abortion law are presented in this context and agree with previously reported results: no serious psychiatric sequelae were found, guilt feelings were short lived, and depressive phenomena decreased significantly between 2 weeks and 3 to 4 months postoperatively.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

From a consecutive series of 61 manic depressive patients a group of 20 bipolar manic depressive mothers and 29 female first degree relatives who had children and an episodic affective disorder were examined with respect to their postpartum state. The frequency of postpartum breakdowns was significantly greater than the frequency of nonpuerperal episodes during the period at risk of 15 to 80 years and during the childbearing years.Postpartum episodes followed 30 per cent of births of the patient group and 20 per cent of the births of the family group. Forty per cent of the patients with children and 41 per cent of the family members with children and affective disorder had a postpartum episode. These rates are much higher than population rates.After the first episode of manic depressive illness, the rates for postpartum illness were 50 per cent in the patient group and 25 per cent in the family group, suggesting that careful observation and early treatment is indicated.Eighty-three per cent of the postpartum episodes occurred during the 2 months following parturition and the symptoms during these episodes were similar to nonpuerperal manias and depressions.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1970

数据来源: OVID