ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A method for the use of art procedures to understand relationships in families with no, one, or two schizophrenic twins is discussed. The art procedures are outlined and the results (based on the scores from two “blind” raters) of three families (one “normal,” one discordant for schizophrenia, and one concordant for schizophrenia) rated on 12 variables are analyzed.Significant relationships are found between the levels of pathology represented in the families and the ratings of the parents. Parents of the concordant twins did most poorly and the parents of the control twins did the best. This pattern is most evident in the family interaction variable scores; the three levels of family psychopathology are distinguished without overlap. Such relationships between schizophrenia and adequate performance on these procedures are not as clear in the ratings of the twins. Conclusions are drawn on this surprising data emphasizing the importance of the twins' relationships to their performance. Limitations of the present study and the possibilities of this method are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We have undertaken a study of the marital patterns among hospitalized manic-depressive patients and their spouses through conjoint art evaluation sessions utilizing standardized procedures.Using, in addition to our own examination of the pictures, evaluations by blind raters and reviewing of audio and video tapes of the sessions, we obtained the following results.Most striking was the similarity of pictures between patients and their spouses including similarity in color, style, content, and affect. Blind raters were able to match pictures by patients with those of their spouses with 100 per cent accuracy. Experts were unable to distinguish pictures of the patient group from those made by the spouses. There was an inverse relationship between amount of color used in drawings by the patient and his spouse and duration of manic-depressive illness in the patient. These striking similarities in the pictures within each couple highlight the couple as a dynamically important unit.A consistent transactional pattern common to all the couples emerged: strong dependency needs in both patient and spouse and the wish for the other to be strong; domination by the patient and greater passivity in the spouse; greater feelings of closeness to the other in the patient compared with the spouse.In focusing on the marital interactional pattern of which both partners are a part, the art techniques developed for this purpose have proved to be a useful instrument.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite the prevalence of the syndrome of depression, there are few observations in the literature on the art expressions of depressed patients compared with an abundance of data on schizophrenic art. Where observations appear, there is not evidence of systematic investigation. This study is an attempt to delineate characteristics of depressive art expression tested by a blind rating procedure.The sample studied is composed of pictures produced by 10 hospitalized depressed patients. Pictures made on days when depression was high are compared with pictures produced by the same patients when depression was low. Patients served as their own controls in order to eliminate variables of artistic ability and experience, intelligence, age, etc. Blind raters compared the pictures for characteristics hypothesized to be associated with depression.The results indicated that during increased depression, patients' pictures revealed less color used, more empty space, less investment of effort or less complete, and more depressive affect or less affect than when less depressed. Though not of statistical significance, there was a trend toward the pictures being more constricted and more meaningless than when less depressed. The hypothesis that they would also be more disorganized was not supported.Examples of three of the pairs studied are illustrated, along with descriptions of the patients' appearance and behavior at the art therapy sessions at which they were produced. The rating results for each of these pairs are discussed.The discrepancies between the findings reported here and elsewhere appear to be due to two variables in particular: a difference in the setting giving rise to a different sort of population of depressed patients who made pictures; and a different manner of investigation, i.e., a blind methodology as opposed to generalized impressions.In conclusion, the qualities found in this study to be characteristic of pictures produced during depression seem to be the result of a paucity of pictorial development which is congruent with the total image of the severely depressed individual.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The recent attention given to the feedback control of human brain wave activity and the implications of such control prompts a careful analysis of this phenomenon. Particular emphasis is placed on the learned control of the alpha rhythm. A review of possible factors which might influence the density of alpha rhythms led to the differentiation of three general sources of influence: constitutional, physiological, and cognitive-attentional factors. Each of these factors is discussed as a possible mediator of the learned control of the alpha rhythm. The view is advanced that increases in alpha density during feedback training arise from a diminution of those factors which block this rhythm, and some implications of such a view are discussed. Several of the issues raised appear generalizable to the whole question of the operant control of autonomic activity.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Thirty subjects (25 males and 5 females) with definitive diagnoses of multiple sclerosis were matched in pairs for race, sex, age, and education with 30 subjects who had normal brain functions. An extensive battery of psychological tests was individually administered to each subject. The measures were organized to include evaluation of pure motor functions, motor functions with a problem-solving component, problem-solving tasks that required a motor response, and measures in other categories not limited by motor functions. The results indicated that the group with multiple sclerosis did poorly on all tests that required motor performances, regardless of the extent to which problem-solving requirements were emphasized. They also performed poorly on a number of other tasks, although the degree of deficit, in comparison with the control group, was not as pronounced. Only mild deficits, if any at all, were present in the area of stored verbal information and comprehension of verbal communications with respect to their social significance. The patients with multiple sclerosis showed relatively mild impairment in tasks requiring abstract reasoning and logical analysis, an area that has been shown to be more seriously deficient in many studies of patients with other types of cerebral disease or damage. The inconsistencies in the literature with respect to estimates of the frequency of intellectual and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis may be subject to resolution on the basis of the results of this study since the findings indicate that the results obtained in any particular investigation may well have been a function, at least in large part, of the nature of the particular tests used.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID