摘要:

Usually Heinrich Romberg is credited with having established tabes dorsalis as a clinicopathological entity in the 1840s. But Romberg's teacher, Ernst Horn (1774 to 1848), had inspired five different students to write their doctoral dissertations on the same subject. These five theses, published between 1817 and 1827, as well as M. Steinthal's most comprehensive later description, were triggered by Horn's observation of the lower spinal cord atrophy which he found in one of his tabetic patients at autopsy. The dissertations are analyzed together with the prior literature reflected in them as it deals with the spinal cord. Discussions of the putative influence of the spinal cord on the vagaries of male sexual function, and vice versa, began with “consumption of the backbone,” referred to in the Hippocratic corpus. “Venery”—if not veneral disease as we understand it—was thought throughout the centuries to be the prime cause of tabes. One may presume that the rising concern with public health and with national aims—a kind of “moral rearmament”—caused the subject to be so vigorously pursued by members of the young medical generation in early 19th-century Germany.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In recent years, a number of studies have appeared which attempt to measure neurotic disorders among population samples in different cultural settings. The problem of how to define and measure psychiatric disorders in untreated groups, and especially in cultures to which the investigators are not native, is, however, far from resolved.The present report describes an effort to study psychological stress among the Serer of Senegal. We describe a method we used to develop a questionnaire to tap symptoms of psychiatric distress, and which would be geared to the realities of place and setting. By means of a factor analysis of the responses to this questionnaire by more than 400 subjects, we identify four dimensions by which the Serer express neurotic disturbance.Further analyses presented in the report demonstrate that these are not merely ways of expressing symptoms based on physical illness, that they are able to discriminate between ill and well people in the Serer frame of reference, that they possess domain validity, and that they demonstrate important similarities and differences with factors obtained using similar techniques in different cultural settings. From a methodological point of view, we illustrate the importance of using a multidimensional approach in such studies.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In many cases of patients who had rheumatic fever—at times undiagnosed—there is a chronic involvement of the brain as a result of disseminated recurrent obliterating arteritis or emboli in the small blood vessels, especially in the brain membranes or the cortex. As a result, disseminated, unstable, and transient neurological and psychiatric symptoms appear. The nature of these symptoms depends upon the age of the patient and the time of onset of the disease. It is suggested that the term “rheumatic brain disease” or “rheumatic encephalopathy” be used, and introduced into the nomenclature of the American Rheumatic Association.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Surgical treatment of epilepsy is undertaken on the basis of prognostically favorable clinical and laboratory data. Analysis of neuropsychological test data obtained preoperatively and postoperatively from 14 surgically treated patients indicates that specific measures of neuropsychological test performance may provide prognostic information aside from the utility of this testing for lateralization and localization. An Impairment Index which is derived from the extensive test battery was related to change of seizure frequency. The groups of patients which have an improved or seizure-free status postoperatively also have the least preoperative neuropsychological impairment.The group of patients which did not show improvement of seizure frequency had a younger mean age at onset of seizures (&OV0335; = 6.7 years), while the group which was rendered seizure free had a later age at onset (&OV0335; = 17.2 years). There was no relationship for the duration of seizures prior to surgery and the outcome following surgery.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a surgically correctable syndrome of progressive dementia, gait abnormalities, and urinary incontinence resulting from an occult hydrocephalus in association with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Occurring most frequently in midlife and often idiopathic in origin, the early course of the illness may be characterized by symptoms of apathy, inattentiveness, agitation, and poverty of thought which mimic a depressive illness and may delay the recognition and treatment of the underlying structural defect. A review of the literature reveals that this association of depressive symptomatology and NPH has received little attention in the psychiatric literature, and the authors describe a case of NPH which presented as a severe, agitated depression. Clinical findings which suggest the presence of NPH are discussed, and the need to include NPH in the differential diagnosis of depression in the presenium is emphasized. The authors believe such diagnostic vigilance is necessary if the needless deterioration of potentially salvageable individuals is to be prevented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Prior to the release of carbamazepine for the treatment of patients with psychomotor and grand mal seizures, primidone was regarded as the drug of choice for these disorders, especially when combined with diphenylhydantoin (DPH). It was, therefore, of interest to compare the effectiveness of carbamazepine against primidone when added to a therapeutic dose of DPH. Forty-five patients completed a 6-month study with each patient serving as his own control. The patients were initially stabilized on therapeutic doses of DPH and one of the test compounds, while all other medications were withdrawn. After 3 months of treatment, they were transferred onto the other drug for a second 3-month period. Extensive laboratory testing, including anticonvulsant levels, electroencephalograms, and neuropsychological evaluations, was performed. For the most part, the patients remained on outpatient status, returning for reports of seizure frequency, side effects, and laboratory studies every 14 days. The study was conducted in a single blind fashion by the treating neurologists; double blind by the electroencephalographer and psychologists. The results indicated that the two drugs did not differ in their effectiveness on seizure control. There were somewhat more side effects—none serious—with carbamazepine than with primidone. The EEG showed increased fast activity with primidone and increased &thetas; activity with carbamazepine. There was no difference in regard to decrease of electroencephalographic seizure discharges. The patients showed more impairment on a repeatable neuropsychological test battery with primidone than with carbamazepine, and they also showed an increase on the psychopathic deviate scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory. Depressive feelings, when present, lessened while under treatment with carbamazepine. The results suggest that patients with the seizure types under consideration and who do not respond to DPH alone or to a DPH-phenobarbital combination can be placed on either carbamazepine or primidone while phenobarbital is discontinued. A patient who is intellectually and emotionally intact with no past history of behavioral disturbances may do better on primidone than carbamazepine, because this drug gives fewer side effects. On the other hand, those patients who have a past history of emotional and/or intellectual disturbances may profit more from carbamazepine.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A review of all morphine classical conditioning studies performed since Pavlov reveals significant shifts in methodological and conceptual thinking during the past 7 decades. These shifts have tended to obscure the fact that a great deal of basic data are still needed before morphine classical conditioning can be understood. These data are needed to help clarify the relationship between drug conditioning and drug addiction. Recent evidence, for example, suggests that once morphine autonomic conditional reactions are established, they are highly resistant to extinction. The inclusion of these types of data in any conceptualization of drug dependency would appear to be of help in the formulation of new clinical approaches to this problem.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data collected on women students at Edinburgh University allowed a comparison to be made between those who were taking a contraceptive pill and those who were not. The evidence suggests that women taking a contraceptive pill are more likely to recall dreaming, and that it is the progestagenic component that is the more active one. However, the data collected do not exclude the possibility that the differences observed are the consequence of other psychosocial variables; further research is recommended.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this paper, a case study is cited in which two techniques, assertive training and the development of psychodynamic insight, were used in an A/B/BC experimental design to treat successfully a patient suffering from severe migraine headaches. The point is made that in treating psychosomatic disorders, the structure of the disorder has to be treated, necessitating consideration, where relevant, of a number of dimensions of functioning integrated into an effective treatment program rather than the use of single unidimensional techniques.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1976

数据来源: OVID