摘要:

Comorbidity between ADHD and major depression has been reported from both epidemiologic and clinical studies of both children and adults. Our goal was to assess the validity of the association by reviewing family studies of the two disorders. We examined this issue from a genetic epidemiologic perspective by searching the literature for family studies of ADHD children that had assessed depression in relatives and family studies of depressed children that had assessed ADHD in relatives. Family studies of ADHD, family studies of depression, and one population-based family study strongly support the assertion of a familial link between ADHD and depression. ADHD families with antisocial disorders show the greatest risk for depression. However, in the absence of antisocial disorders, ADHD also imparts a familial risk for depression. ADHD and major depression probably share familial risk factors, and the difference between depressed and nondepressed ADHD patients can be attributed to environmental factors. Depression in an ADHD child should not be routinely dismissed as demoralization secondary to ADHD, and depression in mothers of ADHD children should not always be attributed to the stress of living with an ADHD child. The converse statements are equally valid: ADHD in depressed children may not be secondary to depression, and ADHD in the children of depressed mothers may not be a transactional response to the mother's depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Performance on the Stroop Color-Word Test is impaired in depression, but it is not clear whether this impairment reflects a distractor inhibition disturbance or a reduction of processing resources. In this study, untreated major depressives were evaluated using a modified computerized Stroop Test composed of three tasks: to name the color of XXXXXs, of nonconflicting words, and of conflicting color words. It was hypothesized that, unlike color words, nonconflicting word distractors would disturb the color naming task only in the presence of a primary distractor inhibition disturbance. The slow reaction time (RT) depressives and normal RT depressives, according to their color naming speed without distractors, were contrasted to distinguish depressives with and without clear signs of resource deficit. It was found that interference produced by nonconflicting words was greater in normal RT depressives than in either slow RT depressives or control subjects, while interference caused by color words was dramatically stronger in slow RT depressives than in other groups. Results suggest the existence of two different attentional deficit patterns in clinical depression: some depressives have a distractor inhibition disturbance while others are deficient in processing resources.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study was performed in an effort to begin characterization of personality traits in schizophrenia. Specific concerns included personality profiles relative to normal adults, personality profile stability over time, and trait-state issues. The authors administered the NEO Personality Inventory as well as symptom ratings at two time points to 21 patients. Patients were all stabilized outpatients attending an adult continuing day treatment program and diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Personality profiles were determined for all patients. Compared with a normal adult sample, this sample's scores on three out of five of the personality domains assessed were not distinguishable from normal adults. Test-retest correlations were highly significant over an average 28.2-week time interval. In general, the presence of positive symptoms did not appear related to NEO-PI stability, while negative symptoms did show a relationship to the stability of personality profiles. These data suggest that personality profiles can be looked at in schizophrenia, that these profiles do appear stable over time, and that negative symptoms have a strong influence on profile stability and appear to be “trait-like.”

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

People who suffer from mental disorders are at increased risk for becoming infected with HIV. There have been no studies that show whether particular psychiatric disorders present an increased risk for HIV infection in samples of nonpatients. This article uses data from the 1992 National Survey of Veterans to determine if veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or with other mental or emotional problems, are at increased risk for HIV infection. The results indicate that the combination of PTSD and substance abuse increased the risk of HIV infection by almost 12 times over those without either. This is evidence of a particular psychiatric disorder increasing risk for HIV. Although cross-sectional, these data allow some conjecture about the timing of the onset of PTSD in relation to HIV infection. These results present powerful evidence that mentally ill persons such as those with PTSD, who may be underserved for health services including AIDS prevention efforts, should be targeted as an at-risk group.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated the clinical attributes of dyspareunia and the variables used to classify it. A systematic clinical description of the pain symptomatology was obtained through the administration of a structured interview and standardized pain measures to 112 women suffering from dyspareunia, ranging in age from 19 to 65. Subjects also underwent three different gynecological examinations and completed standardized measures of psychopathology, marital adjustment, and sexual attitudes, the results of which were used to test the ability of three different classification systems, including the DSM-IV, to predict physical and psychosocial outcomes. Using classification analysis, temporal pattern and location of the pain were found to be the best predictors of physical diagnoses, although none of the taxa in the three classification systems tested were related to psychosocial outcomes. Sexual impairment of women suffering from dyspareunia notwithstanding, the results support the consideration of dyspareunia as primarily a pain syndrome, rather than a sexual dysfunction.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have received little investigation. This study assessed gender differences in 188 subjects with BDD who were evaluated with instruments to assess demographic characteristics, clinical features of BDD, treatment history, and comorbid Axis I disorders. Ninety-three (49%) subjects were women, and 95 (51%) were men. Men and women did not significantly differ in terms of most variables examined, including rates of major depression, although women were more likely to be preoccupied with their hips and their weight, pick their skin and camouflage with makeup, and have comorbid bulimia nervosa. Men were more likely to be preoccupied with body build, genitals, and hair thinning, use a hat for camouflage, be unmarried, and have alcohol abuse or dependence. Although men were as likely as women to seek nonpsychiatric medical and surgical treatment, women were more likely to receive such care. Men, however, were as likely as women to have cosmetic surgery. Although the clinical features of BDD appear remarkably similar in women and men, there are some differences, some of which reflect those found in the general population, suggesting that cultural norms and values may influence the content of BDD symptoms.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), which consists of pathological preoccupations with defects in different body parts, has been systematically studied only in the last decade. We hypothesized that gender would differentially influence the localization of the preoccupations as well as the extent and type of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. With the use of a specially constructed semistructured interview, we evaluated 58 consecutive outpatients with DSM-III-R BDD (women = 41.4%, men = 58.6%). Women had significantly more preoccupations with breast and legs, checking in the mirror and camouflaging, as well as lifetime comorbidity with panic, generalized anxiety, and bulimia. Men had significantly higher preoccupations with genitals, height, excessive body hair, as well as higher lifetime comorbidity with bipolar disorder. Although BDD is almost never found without comorbidity, it does appear to be an autonomous syndrome, and gender tends to influence the nature and extent of this comorbidity.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID