摘要:

&NA;Clinical and laboratory studies link alcohol and other drug use to the occurrence of psychotic experiences, but epidemiologic evidence has been lacking. In this study, the quantitative relationships between alcohol or other drug use and psychotic experiences were examined by analysis of prospective data from 4994 adult household residents sampled in a multisite survey of mental disorders in the population, the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. After control for sociodemographic factors and preexisting psychiatric conditions, the risk for onset of self‐reported delusions or hallucinations was observed to be greater for daily users of marijuana or cocaine and for users of anxiolytics or sympathomimetics compared with nonusers. After control for daily cocaine use and alcohol disorder, the risk of onset of psychotic experiences for daily users of marijuana was double that for nonusers. Alcohol disorder in men was associated with eightfold risk and in women with threefold risk. Baseline depressive episodes, manic episodes, agoraphobia, and obsessive‐compulsive disorder also were associated with increased risk of onset of psychotic experiences.— J Nerv Ment Dis 178:473‐480, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Selected published studies investigating the existence of thought disorder in close relatives were re‐examined in response to the conclusion by Saccuzzo, Callahan, and Madsen (J Nerv Ment Dis176:368‐371, 1988) that “the evidence for thought disorder in the families of schizophrenics is weak and inconclusive.” A meta‐analysis was performed on a subset of these studies to determine the (weighted) average effect size and its variability. The results indicated that the effect size was significant,i.e., there is a definite association between being related to a schizophrenic and manifesting (subclinical) thought disorder. Moreover, the variability of effect sizes among studies was not entirely due to sampling error and needs to be explained in terms of moderator variables.— J Nerv Ment Dis 178:481‐486, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Schizophrenic (N= 38), manic (N= 30), and normal (N= 25) subjects were examined with laboratory tasks measuring serial recall and encoding, distractibility, and reality monitoring. In addition, the psychiatric patients were examined with three measures of verbal communication disorder, including positive thought disorder, negative thought disorder, and frequency of reference failures. It was found that positive thought disorder and reference failures in schizophrenics were best predicted by measures of distractibility and reality monitoring, with communication disorder in mania, although common and severe, not predicted by these cognitive performance measures. Furthermore, negative thought disorder in schizophrenics was not predicted by the cognitive measures. These results are discussed in terms of their implications regarding the differences in potential determinants of positive and negative thought disorders.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:487‐494, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The primary objective of this study was to determine whether cognitive functioning at intake into treatment was associated with completion of a 30‐day day hospital alcoholism rehabilitation program and 1‐ and 6‐month posttreatment functioning. None of our measures of sociodemographic characteristics, cognitive functioning, and life functioning was found to be significantly correlated with program completion. The measures of cognitive functioning included four cognitive factors—language ability, auditory verbal learning, logical memory, and complex cognitive functioning—as well as an objective measure of withintreatment learning. Canonical correlation analyses were performed to estimate associations among 14 independent variables and seven measures of both 1‐ and 6‐month follow‐up outcomes. The independent variables included the five cognitive measures described above, race and age, and seven baseline Addiction Severity Index (ASI) interviewer ratings of severity of alcohol, drug, family/social, legal, medical, employment, and psychological/psychiatric problem levels. The dependent variables at each follow‐up evaluation point consisted of the difference between the baseline and follow‐up ASI composite (factor) scores in the seven areas of functioning described above. The findings revealed the relative independence of improvement in alcohol problem level at both followup periods, as contrasted with the relative interdependence of the other areas of functioning. Greater baseline alcohol problems and poorer complex cognitive functioning were most consistently associated with improved alcohol‐related outcome. Other cognitive measures were not significantly associated with treatment outcome in the other areas of functioning described above. The findings support Donovan et al.'s conclusion (J Stud Alcohol46:205‐221, 1985) that cognitive functioning is only one of a number of factors contributing to treatment outcome, at least during the early stages of alcoholism rehabilitation.— J Nerv Ment Dis 178:494‐499, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;This paper reports the results of a pilot study of the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a group of nonalcoholic men with multigenerational family histories of alcoholism (high‐risk) in comparison with that of a control group (nonalcoholic men without multigenerational family histories of alcoholism). Diagnoses were given following the structured interview format of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, using the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The prevalence of psychopathology in the probands' first‐and second‐degree relatives was also determined using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. The results showed a higher lifetime prevalence of psychopathology for the high‐risk men compared with control subjects, with the diagnoses of major affective disorder and anxiety disorder predominating. In addition, the data obtained from first‐ and second‐degree relatives indicated a significantly higher prevalence of nonalcoholic diagnoses in the high‐risk families (depression in particular), suggesting that alcoholism and depression may be cosegregating in these families. The lifetime prevalence of these disorders is similar to that reported in chronic alcoholics.— J Nerv Ment Dis 178:500‐504, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;“Adult children of alcoholics” (COAs) has become a popular diagnostic categorization denoting a group of adults sharing a common environmental background. These individuals are felt to share common familial effects of early development in an “alcoholic” home. The COA concept has gained significant acceptance in the popular press with many substance abuse treatment centers developing programmed treatment approaches for Adult COAs. However, little research evidence is available to validate this diagnosis. To evaluate the validity of the Adult COA concept among patients in treatment for substance abuse, we compared a series of patients for a variety of demographic, personality, psychiatric illness, and substance abuse phenomenology measures. The results of this comparison showed few distinctions in phenomenology between the two groups. The COA group reported more specific problem‐drinking behaviors and medical problems related to alcohol as well as a higher total alcoholism severity score. This study finds only limited support for the validity of the diagnosis of Adult COA in a distinct inpatient substance abuse population.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:505‐509, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) consists of a formalized clinical interview and 30 operationally defined items for psychopathology assessment. We report here on the psychometric equivalence of a Spanish language adaptation (PANSS‐S), de‐veloped to facilitate minority group, multinational, and cross‐cultural studies on schizophrenia. Two bilingual psychiatrists simultaneously rated 57 psychiatric inpatients using the PANSS (N= 20), PANSS‐S (N= 20), or both methods (N= 17). The PANSS‐S demonstrated sound interrater reliabilities (r= .93 for positive and .74 for negative syndrome,p< .001), which were similar to those from the current PANSS assessment and original standardization studies. In support of criterion‐related validity, the means and variance of the two instruments were comparable, and significant cross‐correlations were obtained for the principal scales (r= .92 for positive and .83 for negative syndrome,p< .0001), component symptoms, and five additional psychopathology clusters. The results suggest that the PANSS‐S has psychometric properties resembling those of the PANSS and may be used interchangeably in a Spanish‐speaking population.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:510‐517, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Predictors of long‐term outcome are identified for 68 patients with schizoaffective psychosis from the Chestnut Lodge Follow‐up Study. Two dimensions regularly predicted better outcome: better developed premorbid instrumental skills and fewer typically schizophrenic symptoms.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:518‐520, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Thirty‐nine patients with a chronic schizophrenic disorder and 29 healthy control subjects were examined by means of multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging. Schizophrenics as a group showed increased ventricular brain ratio and reduced corpus callosum area. When patients were grouped according to their performance on the Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), a distinct subgroup of six patients emerged. These patients failed to perform neuropsychological testing, due to their inability to fulfill the instructions, despite often repeated full explanations of the test procedures; four of these patients had enlarged lateral ventricles and all met operational criteria for Kraepelin's dementia praecox. Two other patient subgroups were categorized as LNNB normal and abnormal. These two subgroups showed lesser brain abnormalities and lower negative symptom scores than the former.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:521‐524, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;In a prospective study of 81 independently living elderly persons, information on coping strategy in response to a stressful life event was used in a canonical analysis to examine the relationship between coping factors and health status measures. A canonical correlation of .53 (28% of variance) indicated that those who responded to stressful life events with self‐blame, wishful thinking, and avoidance tended to be more symptomatic 4 months later. In a regression analysis, avoidant coping significantly contributed to the prediction of psychological disturbance at the time of the second interview (R2= .22,p< .05). Coping strategy, however, did not significantly contribute to the prediction of physical health status during the interval examined. These results are generally consistent with the notion that coping strategies modulate the influence of life events on health and well‐being but underscore the possibility that such relationships may differ depending on whether physical or psychological health status is being predicted.—J Nerv Ment Dis 178:525‐530, 1990

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID