摘要:

Information about health and disease has high social value and is, thus, subject to a variety of controls. These influence the freedom of investigators to generate it; of editors and publishers to transmit it; and of professionals and the public to have access to it.Unconstrained research may threaten the social order and evoke legal or political limit setting. Prominent in the present era are the possibilities of dangerous ethical and biological consequences of new knowledge or, perhaps more important, of procedures for obtaining it.Medical information is transmitted through both the mass media and professional journals. Access to both by potential authors is limited by institutionalized mechanisms of social control and the academic-research subculture. An emerging factor is the editor's possible ethical responsibility for material which he accepts for publication. Access to information is determined by what finally is published, as well as membership in informal communication networks. It is also influenced by dependence, due to cost, time limitation and information overload, on prepackaged material presented in texts, anthologies, busy clinician-oriented journals, or commercial, e.g., pharmaceutical firms. The possibility that governments will, in time, become the major distributors as well as generators of medical information raises new questions as to its eventual freedom and control.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Labeling bias refers to subjects judging normal individuals as mentally ill as a function of diagnostically irrelevant stimuli (e.g., suggestions of mental illness made by a prestige figure). Three studies investigating the generality of the labeling bias effect are reported. Experiment 1 failed to find the effect with undergraduates, but demonstrated that these subjects can discriminate an audio tape recording of a psychiatric patient from a tape of a normal person. Experiment 2 demonstrated labeling bias in mental health service workers. Experiment 3 produced labeling bias in undergraduates by manipulating the “relevance” of the prestige figure. The data from the three studies were interpreted as indicating that. contrary to previous interpretation, professional identity is not a necessary condition for producing labeling bias. Reanalysis of the data of previous research supported the hypothesis that labeling bias is extremely geneal, and probably related to attractiveness of the communicator who gives the suggestion of mental illness, setting, ambiguity of desired response, and other similar variables well documented in the social psychology literature.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A series of studies demonstrated that out-of-awareness taped messages produce boundary decrement, as measured by the Barrier score, in men. The messages variously included hostility, depression, body, vulnerability, and reassurance themes. All themes, when properly primed, resulted in boundary decline in men. Nonprimed and control conditions did not affect the boundary. Contrastingly, no significant boundary changes were produced by the primed out-of-awareness themes in women. It was proposed that men are more disturbed than women by feeling that material has gained entrance to them in a fashion which they cannot control.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This two-part paper deals with an experimental model for studying interactional behavior from a systems point of view. The experimental model incorporates a research strategy utilizing both a token economy and the simulation of a naturally occurring clinical phenomenon, the alcoholic drinking gang. The model is primarily geared to do two things: a) study the changes in clinical behavior that occur when experimental conditions are manipulated to facilitate the formation of the behavioral “system” as opposed to experimental conditions which interfere with system formation; and b) build into the model tasks which produce measurable performance data as a method of monitoring behavior deemed essential for the successful development of an operational system.The experimental model involved admitting up to six alcoholic individuals to a research ward specifically designed for studies utilizing experimentally induced intoxication. Each study was divided into a 7-day predrinking period, a 10− to 14-day drinking period, during which time alcohol was available to research subjects, and a 5− to 7-day withdrawal period. A token economy was established which allowed for the following essential features to be present: a) a group of chronic alcoholic individuals who desire to go through a drinking experience together; b) the pooling of resources in order to purchase alcohol; c) rules established by the group for the sharing of whatever alcohol becomes available to the group; and d) the opportunity to earn money for the purchase of additional alcohol after the initial supply runs out, in order to keep the group drinking experience going.All “money,” or tokens, could be earned only via successful performance at the Cooperative Task Device (CTD), a cooperative, two-person game, and tokens could be utilized to purchase three types of commodities from an automated dispensing machine, alcohol, cigarettes, and television time. Automated data recording provided detailed data about CTD performance and commodity-purchasing records.The discussion centers around difficulties inherent in a simulated model of natural behavior. It is pointed out that laboratory simulationvs. natural setting, as the preferred site for carrying on behavioral research, remains an active controversy, and the arguments on both sides are presented. Difficulties inherent in doing “systems‘’ research are also discussed. A series of alternative hypotheses to explain behavior within the simulated drinking gang are listed, and the data that would be necessary in order to substantiate these alternative hypotheses are also listed. It is maintained that the simulated drinking gang is an advantageous experimental model in that it closely approximates the basic criteria of the naturally occurring phenomenon, while at the same time allowing subjects a range of behaviors, each of which substantiates a different hypothesis about the central organizing feature in alcoholic groups.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data analysis involved data from three different sources, the Cooperative Task Device (CTD), the commodity dispensing machine, and a Stephenson Breathalyzer (for blood alcohol determinations). Data were analyzed on three different levels: individual, dyadic, and whole group.Results are presented for work performance, role performance, commodity purchase patterns, comparisons of work and purchase patterns, and correlations of work time with work efficiency and blood alcohol levels. Marked discrepancies in individual and dyadic work performance were found in all three groups and there was no relationship between chips earned and chips spent. The “drinking gangs‘’ seemed quite willing to tolerate “freeloading‘’ when it occurred. Role performance at the CTD was inconsistent; individuals for the most part fluctuated in their role performance rather than remaining in a stable role,e.g., leader. There was no demonstrable correlation between work time at the CTD and either work efficiency or blood alcohol levels. Lastly, dyadic formationvis-à-viswork performance showed considerable fluctuation over time. Group members did not pair off into consistent and stable dyads when playing the CTD.These findings are discussed from the point of view of the series of alternative hypotheses presented in part I. It is maintained that the data are inconsistent with all of these hypotheses, but that they do help to substantiate and are consistent with the concept of the “drinking system.”

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This investigation utilized a procedure designed to determine patterns of cognitive appraisal, and autonomic reactivity which characterize groups of normals, and paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, Results indicated that both groups of schizophrenics evidenced electrodermal habituation and increased finger pulse constriction. Normals indicated that stress stimuli became less disturbing over trials and displayed both electrodermal and digital vasomotor habituation. Electrodermal habituation curves for paranoids and normals were similar, with nonparanoids evidencing slower habituation. Paranoids tended to under-rate or deny their emotional reactions.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A staff nurse on a psychiatric inpatient unit committed suicide, A retrospective study of patients and staff reactions was conducted. It showed that the inpatients dealt openly and effectively with grieving. Staff had a great deal of difficulty with the situation. One of the nurse's outpatients required rehospitalization. Recommendations for more attention to the staff mourning process were made.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Ten subjects who had suffered from sleep onset insomnia for a minimum of 2 years participated in a double blind study of the effects of electrosleep. on this disorder. This paper reports a 2-year follow-up of these subjects. Of the five subjects who received 24 live treatments, four appeared to be able to fall asleep with little difficulty and to awake feeling moderately to very well rested. Only one appeared to have relapsed during the 2-year no-treatment period. Of those receiving sham treatment four were having quite a bit of difficulty falling asleep but three of the five awoke feeling moderately well rested. Although the number of subjects is small, the trends appear consistent with the interpretation that sleep habits were improved for most of the real treatment subjects and for few of those receiving sham treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The literature regarding the use of hypnosis in the therapy of multiple personality is reviewed. Cautions of other authors are noted which intend to protect the patient from further “splitting” of the personalities involved. A case of a 25-year-old woman is described in which, several months after leaving therapy abruptly, a second personality appeared and prompted herre-entry into treatment. Hypnosis was employed several weeks after restarting therapy on four separate occasions. Therapeutic outcome was favorable with coalescence of the personality into a new whole. A rationale for the use of hypnosis in this case is presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1975

数据来源: OVID