摘要:

The purpose of this study was to quantify and to identify predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fifty children aged 6 to 14 years, hospitalized after TBI, were assessed soon after TBI regarding injury severity and preinjury psychiatric, socioeconomic, family functioning, and family psychiatric history status; neuroimaging was also analyzed. Psychiatric assessments were repeated 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after TBI. Only 2 of 46 (4%) subjects with at least one follow-up assessment developed PTSD. However, the frequency with which subjects experienced at least one PTSD symptom ranged from 68% in the first 3 months to 12% at 2 years in assessed children. The presence of an internalizing disorder at time of injury followed by greater injury severity were the most consistent predictors of PTSD symptomatology. It is apparent, therefore, that PTSD and subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disturbances occur despite neurogenic amnesia. These problems should be treated, particularly if symptoms persist beyond 3 months.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are two distinct categories of mental disorders in the DSM-IV. However, it is often difficult to make a differential diagnosis because of the overlapping symptoms. A potential adjunct in the classification of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is the application of information processing models, as patients with schizophrenia and possibly those with bipolar disorder have information processing deficits. A study was conducted in which a computerized battery of information processing tasks (called COGLAB) was administered to three participant groups: patients with schizophrenia, patients with bipolar disorder, and normal controls. The tasks included the Mueller-Lyer illusion, reaction time, size estimation, a variant of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, backward masking, and Asarnow continuous performance. Discriminant analyses were used to investigate the differences among the three groups. Results indicated that COGLAB correctly classified 75.5% of the cases of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The Mueller-Lyer illusion and the number of perseverative errors on the card sort most powerfully discriminated the two groups.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this experiment was to replicate and extend to a memory taskBentall and Slade's (1985)finding that hallucinations in schizophrenic patients were linked to a liberal decision bias. A word recognition task was administered to 40 schizophrenic patients and 40 normal controls that yielded two indices of performance: an index of discrimination accuracy (Pr) and one of decision bias (Br). Patients obtained a lower Pr than controls, whereas Br was similar in both groups. In patients, Br was selectively correlated with positive symptomatology: the more the positive symptoms, the more liberal the bias. In particular, there was a specific correlation between decision bias and hallucinations. Conversely, Pr was inversely correlated with severity of depression, but not with either positive or negative symptoms. Thus, positive symptomatology may be linked more to difficulties in distinguishing between representations of internal versus external events than to deficits in encoding external events.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Exploring the link between cognitive impairments and domains of function is a new trend in schizophrenia research. This study reports on the association of verbal memory impairment and initial work function for a group of 87 individuals diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict the degree of association between verbal memory variables and ratings on the Work Behavior Inventory (WBI) in the initial week of a vocational rehabilitation program. Results indicated that verbal memory scores predicted 20% of the WBI total score. Results also indicated strong relationships with the individual work domains of work habits and work quality and weaker relationships with the domains of cooperativeness and personal presentation. No significant relationship was found between verbal memory variables and social skills at the job site. Verbal memory impairment is discussed as a rate limiting factor in rehabilitation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Structured clinical interviews of 63 female inpatients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder were used to study the relations of comorbid mood disorders to treatment response. Diagnostic information was gathered using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Patient Version (SCID-P). Information about psychotic symptoms was also based upon responses to the SCID-P. Treatment response was assessed through weekly ratings on the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised over 25 weeks of hospitalization. Initial depression but not initial or previous bipolar disorder was found to predict treatment course. Initial psychotic symptoms were also found to predict treatment course among patients with initial bipolar disorder and tended to modify the trajectory of symptoms over time among patients with initial depression. Possible explanations for these findings are explored and discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper is concerned with whether an instrument developed in the U.S. may identify lower rates of major depression among Chinese, because its content may not cover culture-specific symptoms of depression. Data were obtained from approximately 952 Anglo and Chinese American middle school students, aged 10 to 17 years, in the Teen Life Changes Survey conducted in the spring of 1994. We investigated the hypothesis that rates of missing values would be higher, the mean score for total depression items would be lower, and internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the DSM Scale for Depression (DSD) would be lower for Chinese American adolescents compared with Anglo American adolescents. We also examined whether response functions on the DSD item would differ for these two groups. Only the latter was observed. Five of 26 items in the DSD exhibited differential functioning between Anglo and Chinese students. The results suggest that the lower prevalence of depression was not due to the ethnocentric character of the instrument in the Chinese sample. Stronger immunity to depression or other cultural factors may contribute to the lower rate of depression for the Chinese American adolescents in the Teen Life Changes study.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although Asian samples have been studied using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the literature lacks data on Korean samples. Furthermore, although cross-cultural studies of eating disorders have been done, intraethnic studies are lacking. This study concerns an intraethnic Korean comparison of eating attitudes. The EAT-26 was translated into Korean and validated by back-translation and by a preliminary study on 32 bilingual (Korean and English-speaking) Korean women. The validated Korean translation was completed by a sample of 195 native South Koreans (NKs) and the original version by a sample of 39 Korean Americans (KAs). EAT-26 scores seemed to indicate that the NKs had more disordered eating attitudes. Furthermore, the KAs appear to be a lowrisk sample for eating disorders. Implications for further research are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The hypothesis that paranormal (poltergeist) experiences are delusions resulting from the affective and cognitive dynamics of percipients' interpretation of ambiguous stimuli was tested in two studies using a structural modeling approach. Consistent with attribution theory, study I indicated that such delusions are best modeled by a closed negative-feedback loop involving belief, experience, and fear as process variables. Using a more homogeneous sample of percipients, study II replicated this model and the relations among the process variables reached statistical significance. The findings extend established attributional models of delusions by incorporating psychosocial and cognitive factors, including age, gender, and tolerance of ambiguity. The model is proposed as a general framework for the understanding and study of delusions and contagious psychogenic illness, in particular.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The form and the content of chronic auditory hallucinations were compared in three cohorts, namely patients with schizophrenia, patients with a dissociative disorder, and nonpatient voice-hearers. The form of the hallucinatory experiences was not significantly different between the three groups. The subjects in the nonpatient group, unlike those in the patient groups, perceived their voices as predominantly positive: they were not alarmed or upset by their voices and felt in control of the experience. In most patients, the onset of auditory hallucinations was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of earlier trauma. The significance of this study is that it presents evidence that the form of the hallucinations experienced by both patient and nonpatient groups is similar, irrespective of diagnosis. Differences between groups were predominantly related to the content, emotional quality, and locus of control of the voices. In this study the disability incurred by hearing voices is associated with (the reactivation of) previous trauma and abuse.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID