ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Systematic desensitization in conjunction with other behavior techniques was utilized to treat a client who for 5 months was experiencing spontaneous recurrences of LSD effects. Besides the elimination of the target symptoms (flashback effects), additional desired changes occurred on both cognitive-affective and behavioral levels. A theoretical explanation of LSD flashback effects based on the role-enactment model is presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Making the differential diagnosis of a psychosis associated with psychedelic drugs is a difficult and confusing, but very important, clinical problem. Understanding the interaction between the drug effect, the current stress on the individual, and his characteristic level of ego function not only makes differential diagnosis possible, but has ramifications for treatment and prognosis. This interaction can best be understood by clarifying a number of different factors including the extent of drug use, past personal history, prepsychotic level of functioning, mode of onset of the psychosis, nature of external precipitating factors, and presenting mental status. Three different clinical entities can be found when this is done, each of which presented a psychotic appearance, and in each of which past drug use was involved. These are: 1) An acute response to a drug effect, in which the weakened ego of a borderline individual is overwhelmed and not able to reintegrate when the drug effect wanes. This individual responds well to short term hospitalization with supportive treatment. 2) A gradual shift toward projection, denial and then delusions, and withdrawal even in relatively healthy individuals who take drugs very frequently at a time of a life crisis. The development of alloplastic ego defenses is to avoid a dealing with painful affect, and hospitalization or any treatment which would require confronting this was unsuccessful and just reinforces the new defense structure. 3) Occasional drug use in a schizophrenic may well have no effect on that individual's overall clinical course or response to any mode of treatment. Why the drug experience, a transient stress of ego function, does not have long range consequences is not known, but may be because the ego has learned to adapt to these transient episodes, which are much less threatening than actual events in the individual's life. Three patients were presented who demonstrated these three clinical conditions and their different responses to treatment were noted.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although most drug abusers have experienced a variety of psychotropic agents, many abusers experience a prolonged and distinct preference for a particular drug. To examine the relationship between drug preference and personality, preferential abusers of heroin and amphetamine were interviewed while abstinent. Qualitative analysis of the data suggests a distinct relationship between personality style and drug preference in this sample.The drug of choice appears to be syntonic with the abuser's characteristic modes of adaptation. Whereas the heroin addict reduces anxiety via repression and withdrawal, the amphetamine abuser utilizes a variety of compensatory maneuvers to maintain a posture of active confrontation with the environment. The heroin abuser's low self-esteem and personalized style are in sharp contrast to the narcissistic self-inflation and abstract communication of the amphetamine abuser. The specific drug effects of “satiation” (heroin) and “activation” (amphetamine) temporarily aid in the reduction of anxiety by bolstering characteristic modes of defensive functioning.The origins of preferential drug abuse may be such drug-induced altered ego states. These may recapture a series of similar experiences, the originals of which appear to lie in specific phases of child development. A particular drug may thus facilitate a specific regressive solution to conflict and may, therefore, be preferentially chosen. Thus, in addition to the pressures of physiological dependency and social setting, drug abuse appears also to be determined by the convergence of pharmacological effect and premorbid patterns of coping with anxiety. A complete understanding of drug use will require clarification of both the similarities and differences found between preferential users of different drugs.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is a study of the psychology of college students who use LSD and other psychedelics regularly.Fifteen students who used psychedelic drugs regularly (most frequently LSD) were studied in detail using psychoanalytic interviewing techniques. Short term therapy was administered when indicated. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews. Also studied were an equal number of students who had used LSD or other psychedelic drugs only occasionally.While there are students who use almost any and all drugs, most have particular drugs of choice that produce in them the particular psychological and pharmacological effects they want. Over and over regular LSD users among college students speak of being cut off from their inner feelings, of having been helped, or of hoping they will be helped to overcome their sense of lifelessness by LSD. This paper explores and illustrates with 3 cases the sources of the emotional constriction of which these students complain, their psychodynamic response to the impact of LSD, and the intimate relationship between the good and bad trip.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is a study of the psychology of college students who are heavy and habitual users of marijuana.Fifteen students who used marijuana regularly and heavily were studied in detail using psychoanalytic interviewing techniques. Short term therapy was administered when indicated. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews. An equal number of students who used marijuana only occasionally were also studied.Psychiatric studies of marijuana abuse among students have centered around the question of whether marijuana causes changes in attitudes toward achievement, ambition, and competition, or whether it is merely an accompaniment of a change in values and life style. This study indicates that neither view is accurate and describes the specific role marijuana plays for students with problems related to competition, aggression, and achievement.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Personalities of 60 users of illicit LSD and 60 matched nonusers were compared by the results of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Eighty-eight per cent of the users' MMPI protocols were judged abnormal as compared to 54 per cent of the nonusers‘. In addition, the users' mean scores were significantly greater (p< .05) than nonusers for the neurotic triad, the psychosis classification, and the behavior disorder category. It was suggested that the relationships between elevated MMPI scales and LSD usage should be viewed as correlational, since it was impossible to determine whether the measured personality deviations of the users predated LSD use.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

There is very little information on the effects of long term usage of marihuana on man, and even less on moderate long term usage, such as that of the majority of youthful users. Twenty-nine male medical students who had smoked marihuana moderately and regularly for at least 3 years were compared on a large battery of sensitive neuropsychological tests with 29 students who had never used marihuana or other drugs. Essentially no difference between the two groups was found. Moderate social usage of marihuana in this stable group does not result in sufficient impairment of function that it can be detected by the most sensitive neuropsychological instruments now available.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

FifteenSs who had used hallucinogenic drugs were compared with 15 similarSs who had not, on three tests, shown to be sensitive to cerebral impairment. It was found that the drugSs performed consistently poorer, and, on two of the tests, significantly poorer than did the nondrug users. It was suggested that hallucinogenic drug use may be causally related to cerebral deficit.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1973

数据来源: OVID