ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A study of 37 depressed patients explored the association among depression, hostility, and the direction in which hostility is expressed. A spectrum of hostile behaviors was found, defined by four factors, with an approximately equal number of patients turning hostility inward and outward. In those patients who tended to turn hostility in, there was a relationship between the degree of turning hostility inward and higher scores on several measures of the severity of depression. Several indicators of outward hostility were related to presence of hysterical features and resentment. These tentative findings are in keeping with a theory which considers depression to be primarily an emotional signal and hostility to serve as a defense. There is evidence from responses on the Buss-Durkee Inventory that the defense may be failing as depression becomes more severe since the highly depressed patients we observed see their anger as being weak. As they also see other people's anger as more potent and on-the-surface, they may fear retaliation, and therefore express their hostility in the form of resentment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Patients at a child study clinic were randomly assigned for either individual or family evaluation and therapy. After an initial evaluation, each patient or family was rated by the therapist on three orthogonally factored dimensions: the therapist's affective responses to the patients, degree of psychopathology, and treatment prognosis. These ratings were compared on individuals and families who dropped out prematurely with those who continued in treatment. The most significant difference between continuers and terminators emerged in the therapists' ratings of their own affective reactions to the patients or families. The therapists' affective responses to the continuers were consistently much more positive than to the dropouts. However, this difference was less marked for families than for individual patients. No significant difference was found between continuers and terminators on ratings of psychopathology. This held true for both individual patients and families. Finally, continuers were perceived by the therapists as having significantly better treatment prognoses than were terminators. These findings suggest that patients who terminate prematurely are not more disturbed than those who continue; that premature termination may be a behavioral reaction to the negative feelings of therapists; and that families seem to evoke less negative counter transference than do individual patients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Contraceptive decisions and their effective implementation reflect coping and adaptive efforts which assume special significance in the psychosocial and cultural contexts of developing countries. Data from one such country, Jamaica, suggest a series of variables which influence the self-regulation of fertility and may diminish the impact of government-sponsored family planning campaigns. Most of these variables have their roots in the family and household systems of the country and reflect, as well, the quality of lower socioeconomic status life and continuing exclusion from the cultural process of the dominant group. They include poor communication between sexual partners, a pattern of “strictness” in child rearing combined with conflicting nonverbal communications from parents, high value attached to the status and role of mother, negative perceptions of Jamaican men combined with a lack of alternative non maternal roles for women, socially sanctioned loose conjugal and household structures with little pressure on men to assume responsibility for their children and multiple paternity, and reinforcement of anxiety about contraception as a consequence of cultural exclusion and lack of effective communication with societally powerful persons.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Age-sex differences were examined in two multihospital collaborative studies of drug treatment in depression. The 325 patients in study 1 and 555 patients in study 2 were subdivided into four age-sex groups: females under 40; females 40 and over; males under 40; and males 40 and over. The major focus of the statistical analyses was on differential treatment effects in the four age-sex groups. The treatments in study 1 were chlorpromazine (600 mg/day), imipramine (300 mg/day), or a placebo. Study 2 patients received diazepam (30 mg/day), phenelzine (45 mg/day), or a placebo. Results after 3 weeks of treatment were as follows:1. Older males in both studies generally responded better to one of the active treatments than to a placebo.2. Older females were more selective and only did well on imipramine.3. Young females in study 1 did well on placebo and poorly on imipramine. Imipramine's negative effects for these women were discernible primarily on the hostility variables and seemed related to its mild euphoriant and activating properties.4. Young males showed a marked negative response to a placebo in study 1 and a positive placebo response in study 2. This finding highlighted the need to evaluate placebo response in the context of the active comparison drugs. Hostility was a serious problem for many of these patients and chlorpromazine provided relief from symptoms in this area. This was not true of either of the active drugs in study 2.These results indicated that an analysis of sex differences alone could prove misleading, since there were as many differences in drug response between younger and older women and between younger and older men as there were between the sexes. These findings could be “explained” in terms of relationships among factors such as presenting symptoms, initial severity of illness, sensitivity to side effects, pharmacological action of the study drugs, and placebo response.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Specific reasons reported for use of six illicit drugs—cannabis, opiates, hallucinogens, amphetamines, barbiturates, and cocaine—were obtained from 997 entrants to a Navy drug rehabilitation facility. Reasons were divided into two categories: hedonistic and therapeutic. Subjects were classified by level of involvement based upon light or heavy use of each drug.Reasons given by both light and heavy users of hallucinogens and cocaine were predominantly hedonistic. Heightened sentience and “psychedelic” experiences appeared to be the objective of hallucinogen users whereas heightened sexual pleasure was the primary motive for cocaine users.Reasons for using amphetamines, barbiturates, and opiates were almost exclusively therapeutic among heavy users. Amphetamines were used to improve functioning and relieve depression, and barbiturates to relieve anxiety. Reasons for using opiates included both of these components, and opiate users appeared to be seeking a pervasive feeling of well being as well as “escape from reality.”Reasons for cannabis use were diverse and suggested desires for intoxication, relaxation, social belongingness, and heightened sensory awareness.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The prognostic power of the Elgin Prognostic Scale (EPS) was studied using three criteria: hospital status (in or out) 9 months after admission, hospital status after 5 years, and number of days in the hospital over 5 years. The EPS predicted 9-month hospital status and days in the hospital over 5 years about equally well (r= .29 and .30). Heterosexual achievement, as indicated by either marital history or by item I of the EPS, predicted days in the hospital somewhat better (r= .41 in each case). The EPS predicts somewhat more effectively when applied only to extreme groups.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A questionnaire was distributed to 908 psychiatrists to survey their attitudes concerning the treatment of female homosexuality. Forty-two per cent of the questionnaires were returned. Ninety-eight per cent of the respondents favored a legalization of homosexual behavior between consenting adults; 66 per cent opposed the use of psychiatric labels as means of categorizing female homosexual behavior. Eighty-seven per cent of the psychiatrists stated that their concept of mental health included the possibility of a well adjusted homosexual woman, and 66 per cent challenged the traditional belief that Lesbianism is equated with sickness or inadequacy.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This report describes a chess game in which one player, the patient, had a right parietal lobe lesion. His performance tended to support the concept that many factors are involved in visual neglect. This is, I believe, the first case reported in which visual neglect is demonstrated on the chess board.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A male university student with cerebral palsy of the athetoid type dragged his toes while walking. Portable electronic circuitry and switches on his left shoe permitted a count of the number of steps and foot drags, and provided auditory feedback whenever the foot was dragged. Under feedback conditions, the percentage of drags decreased to very low levels. The dragging remained at a low level as the feedback was withdrawn. After 3 months of no training, foot dragging recovered to near original values. It is suggested that the tendons of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle were stretched by the feedback training, but tightened during the period of no training. Thus, booster sessions are indicated for maintenance of walking without foot dragging.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID