摘要:

Pharmacological blocking agents are an important treatment approach for the current epidemic of drug abuse. This approach is multidisciplinary, ranging from molecular neuroscience for developing these blocking agents to behavioral therapies for establishing treatment delivery systems. This paper outlines the biological, behavioral, and clinical components of the pharmacological blocking agent approach. Clinical results using two blocking agents, naltrexone for opioid abuse and disulfiram for alcohol abuse, are reviewed as a source of leads in developing potential agents for treating sedative and stimulant abuse. While specific pharmacological antagonists have been developed for benzodiazepines, such agents are not yet available for stimulants. Furthermore, the clinical utility of stimulant antagonists may depend on the development of multisite agents that partially block several neurotransmitter systems rather than target a single-system brain receptor.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Depression is a frequent finding in patients with neurological disorders. These depressions, however, have similar phenomenology, duration, biological markers, and response to treatment as depressions in patients with no known brain injuries (i.e., functional depression). In the present article, we review evidence that suggests the dementia of depression exists among severely depressed patients with cerebrovascular lesions or Parkinson's disease (PD). We conclude that: a) in patients with either stroke lesions or PD, depression is significantly associated with cognitive deficits; b) this association is only true for patients with major depression (i.e., it is not present in patients with minor depression); and c) patients with poststroke depression and patients with PD and depression have a severity and profile of cognitive deficits similar to those found in patients with primary major depression.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Husbands and wives from 141 tubal sterillization couples and 162 vasectomy couples were interviewed just prior to sterilization and then again 1 and 2 years later. W e conducted linear regression analyses to determine the pre- and poststerilization predictors of poststerlization regret in each of the four gender X method groups (tubal husbands, tubal Wives, vasectomy husbands, vasectomy wives), We confirmed a number of hypotheses based on the research literature and our own earlier work. Both individual and couple factors contributed to the development of regreat, as did both pre-and poststerilization factors. An important finding was the degree to which regreat among the nonsterilized respondents (tubal husbands, vasectomy wives) was affected by pre- and poststerilization interaction with their sponses.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study was designed to provide information on the prevalence and nature of psychiatric disorders in 497 individuals with Down syndrome. There were 261 patients under 20 years of age and 164 patients 20 years and older, with both groups followed as outpatients, and 72 residents from a state school. The overall frequency of psychiatric disorders in our study population was 22.1%. Patients under 20 years of age often displayed disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders, and repetitive behaviors. Individuals with Down syndrome 20 years and older who were followed as outpatients more often exhibited major depressive disorders and state school residents were found to have an increased prevalence of dementia.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Potential biases due to acute depressive symptomatology on raters' assessments of social maladjustment derived from patients' reports were assessed in 25 patients responding to pharmacotherapy during medium-term hospitalization. Patients were questioned on two separate occasions about their social maladjustment covering the exact same period (the 4 months preceding hospitalization): the first was during the acute illness phase, and the second a mean of 20.5 days later, when symptoms remitted. In the second report, composite scores for all fields as a whole showed significantly fewer reports of social impairment than did the first. Significant differences from the first to the second evaluation concerning both subjective distress and observable behavior were found in four and three, respectively, of the five “fields” of social adjustment. Although subjective distress was most modified by remission of acute symptoms, even supposedly objective, observable disturbances were significantly affected. These results indicate that acutely depressed patients overreport social maladjustment, which they then more accurately reappraise when symptoms remit. Patients are completely unaware of both the initial bias and of the reappraisal.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite the frequent mention of denial in the alcohol treatment literature, there appears to be no consensus about its measurement. At its most basic, an operational definition of the term should contain the notion of the drinker refusing to acknowledge or at least minimizing the role of alcohol in his or her difficulties. Visual analogue scales provide a technique for measuring subjective experiences of this type. Subjects from a communitybased voluntary agency and an alcohol treatment unit were asked to indicate the magnitude of their problems with alcohol on this scale. Both groups acknowledged high levels of problems with alcohol. Despite this, there was evidence of systematic bias in that half of the sample underestimated the severity of their drinking in comparison to an interviewer's rating using the same scale. A small group was identified that seemed to fit the stereotype of the alcoholic “denier” mentioned so frequently in the treatment literature. There was no relationship between “denial” and subsequent compliance with treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The notion of exceptional psychiatric symptoms in agents engaged in undercover work was investigated in a concurrent cross-sectional study of preoperational, operational, and postoperational undercover agents in a federal law enforcement agency. The incidence of psychiatric disturbance and severity of symptomatology were found to be highest among active undercover agents. Mental disturbances tended to be more pronounced among younger agents with little or no prior undercover experience who were engaged in long-term investigations. The symptomatic profiles of distressed agents were similar in pattern to those of general psychiatric outpatients, and these profiles do not support claims of exceptional disturbances brought on by the unique nature of undercover work. Conventional self-report instruments, however, may not have adequately sampled the unusual reactions described in other accounts of undercover distress.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a cross-ethnic study of neuroleptic response, the level of family involvement with the treatment of 26 Asian and 26 Caucasian patients was evaluated. Asian family members were intimately involved, Caucasians much less so. These results quantitatively demonstrated the relatively greater importance of working with family members when treating Asian patients. They also indicate that relatively more effort is needed to increase involvement of Caucasian families in the treatment process.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID