摘要:

Social and situational stressors were categorized for 172 patients who received one of the following diagnostic labels: schizophrenic reaction, depressive reaction, personality disorder, or transient situational personality disorder. The frequency of occurrence of these stress factors were evaluated for a 2-year period prior to the request for psychiatric intervention. The results indicated that there were no differences among diagnostic groups with respect to the average number of stressors experienced during this period. It was also found that specific diagnostic patterns were unrelated to specific antecedent stressors. It was suggested that social and situational stressors have generalized effects which may be expressed in varying symptomatology depending on the characteristics of the individual under stress.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A sample of 189 depressed patients, previously studied in detail, was followed up 10 months after initial treatment contact. Thirteen of these individuals had made suicide attempts, one fatally, during the period. Sociodemographic variables, previous history, personality dimensions, and symptom ratings were analyzed in order to explore predictors of suicide attempts. Persons who made suicide attempts during the follow-up period were significantly differentiated from the nonattempters by a number of variables. Attempters were younger, had a previous history of suicide attempts, evidence of underlying personality disturbance suggestive of character disorder, and a clinical pattern of neurotic rather than endogenous depression. They showed striking evidence of persistent overt hostility. These findings are consistent with other descriptions of groups of suicide attempters among general populations. Because their hostility may lead them to drop out of treatment, attention to follow-up care after the resolution of the immediate depressive episode is especially important for such patients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

By using a soliloquy technique to re-evoke subjective experiences that occurred immediately prior to the suicide attempts of 15 patients, we found that suicidal ideation was associated with a hopeless and helpless outlook on a foreshortened personal future. The soliloquy technique may become useful for studying the interactions of subjective experiences associated with a crisis that is difficult to investigate at the time it occurs.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We report the study of 6 hospitalized depressed patients studied for a total of 153 nights in the sleep laboratory. While there is considerable intersubject and intrasubject variability, the findings from this and earlier studies indicate that the sleep disturbance in hospitalized depressed patients is pervasive and affects most parameters of sleep. Sleep is fragmented and light with an increase in awake and drowsy time and a major and protracted decrease in delta wave sleep. There are marked fluctuations in stage 1 rapid eye movement sleep and suggestions of a long standing deficiency in this stage of sleep. The detailed findings are considered in relationship to the particular clinical syndrome and also in relation to findings from patients with other clinical diagnoses. The issue of whether specific changes are uniquely associated with particular syndromes is considered. Emphasis is placed on the need for careful longitudinal studies with carefully described groups of patients so that the interactional effects of a variety of variables can be more carefully considered.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We studied 83 children between the ages of 12 and 16 who had been diagnosed as having the hyperactive syndrome 2 to 5 years earlier. About half of the children were markedly improved, one-quarter remained unchanged, and the remaining quarter lay in between. The symptoms of restlessness, distractibility, impulsiveness, excitability, and aggressiveness seemed to persist in most of the children, and were associated with poor performance in school and low self-esteem. A number of the children were involved in delinquent behavior.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Emotional factors operate in normal subjects so as to bring about an increase in urinary creatinine in states of restlessness, apprehension and excitement, or anger. A decrease in urinary creatinine may be associated with states of depression or exhaustion.The present study is concerned with 3-hour urinary creatinine in normal and acute schizophrenic subjects (42 control males, 13 control females, 11 schizophrenic males, and 10 schizophrenic females). As a measure of the completeness of the urine collection, the total recovery of a pharmacologically inert and rapidly cleared compound (protocatechuic acid, PCA) administered at the onset of the collection period was estimated. No significant differences in metabolite recovery (or in the pattern of metabolites) were found between the four groups tested.Creatinine values were corrected for the effect of body weight for both sexes. Differences between mean creatinine in normals and schizophrenics were statistically nonsignificant for each sex, although the schizophrenics showed much more variability.One schizophrenic (patient 1), an inert, withdrawn, depressed individual, had a weight-corrected urinary creatinine 3.7 standard deviations below the mean for normal males. Two patients (patients 2 and 3) had weightcorrected creatinine values 3.3 and 11.4 standard deviations, respectively, above the normal mean; both were terrified by persecutory delusions at the time of testing. All 3 patients had PCA recoveries above the mean for normal subjects of the corresponding sex. It seems unlikely, on this evidence, that the urine collection from patient 1 was incomplete.It is suggested that: 1) The relationships which apply in normal subjects between urinary creatinine and behavioral status may appear in schizophrenics in an exaggerated form; 2) Conventional 24-hour collections may mask important short term swings in creatinine excretion in schizophrenics; and 3) It is not justifiable to discard as invalid data derived from urine collected from a schizophrenic solely on account of a low creatinine level.The use of a “marker” during metabolic studies would appear to be a useful maneuver, particularly in short term studies on acutely psychotic individuals.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Psychiatric patients and normal controls were compared for pupillary responsivity, under dark-adapted conditions, using single pulses of light presented via a Ganzfeld. Data were collected with electronic equipment, and averaging techniques were used in the analysis of continuous response curves. Results showed that recently admitted patients tend to have slightly smaller pupillary diameters than normals, when at rest, and exhibit substantially attenuated reactivity to light stimulation. Consideration is given to possible artifacts, and findings are interpreted in terms of the known physiological characteristics of pupillary innervation.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Chronic alcoholics (N = 30) and hospital controls (N = 30), matched on age and education, were tested on a verbal and spatial intelligence test. Chronic alcoholics performed significantly poorer than controls on the spatial but not on the verbal intelligence test. Alcoholic history was demonstrated to be related to cognitive ability with long term alcoholics performing poorer than short term alcoholics. Personality variables as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory could not account for these differences. Correlations between verbal and spatial intelligence tests were significant for controls and short term alcoholics but nonsignificant for long term alcoholics, suggesting differential hemisphere sensitivity to the effects of chronic alcoholism with a consequent dissociation in factors related to intellectual functioning.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID