ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The English language literature on disulfiram treatment of alcoholism since the drug's introduction in 1948 is critically reviewed. The complications of and contraindications to disulfiram treatment are discussed. Changes both in the administration of and attitudes toward disulfiram are noted and their implications are pointed out. Studies of the efficacy of disulfiram treatment are reviewed with particular emphasis on problems of experimental design. Similarly discussed are patient factors thought to influence outcome in disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Despite design problems in almost all published, studies, the authors conclude that the use of disulfiram affords a valuable treatment method in the case of certain kinds of alcoholics.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Alcoholic and nonalcoholic Ss were tested using verbal learning procedures that included 1) multiple trial free-recall learning of random and related words; 2) multiple trial serial learning; and 3) the production and reproduction of discrete free associations. The Ss were tested while sober and while intoxicated. Alcoholic Ss, when intoxicated, showed a marked deficit in learning on free-recall learning and on the reproduction of free associations, while nonalcoholic Ss, when drinking, were most affected on serial learning. A second experiment was performed in which Ss learned while either sober or intoxicated and were retested on the same tasks 2 days later when they were either sober or intoxicated. Alcoholic Ss demonstrated a greater state-dependent learning effect than nonalcoholic Ss. That is, alcoholic Ss were less able to transfer previous learning when their state was different during retesting from their initial learning state. Previous learning was available when the initial learning state and the state on retesting were the same, including conditions in which the alcoholic was intoxicated on initial learning trials and 2 days later on retesting. In the alcoholic, alcohol produces a markedly different cognitive state compared to a nondrinking state. Cognitive changes attributable to alcohol were also noted in nonalcoholic Ss but not to the same extent as in alcoholic Ss.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The learning and retention of verbal information was compared in two populations of patients, chronic alcoholics and hospitalized normal controls. The verbal learning procedures involved the multiple presentation of 20 word lists, drawn at random from the common words in the English language. Each of the Ss learned seven equivalent word lists presented in association with a variety of reinforcement conditions. Three conditions involved positive reinforcement, money, while three word lists were presented along with a negative reinforcer, shock to the top of the nondomi-nant hand. One condition, as a control, involved no reinforcement contingencies. In one of the three positive and negative reinforcement conditions, Ss could learn to anticipate reinforcing consequences. In another condition Ss were reinforced only after an initial presentation of the words but not at the time of recall. A third pair of reinforcement conditions involved either reward or punishment at the time of recall but not at the time of stimulus presentation.Alcoholic Ss, as well as normal controls, tended to select out in recall, words previously positively reinforced, or words, that if recalled would again be positively reinforced. The same recall paradigms presented in association with negative reinforcers produced very different effects in alcoholic and normal Ss. Whereas normal Ss tended to avoid negatively reinforced stimuli in recall, particularly under those conditions in which recall of previously negatively reinforced words would again lead to negative reinforcement, the alcoholic did not differentiate between negatively reinforced and neutral stimuli.Testing on a second recall trial, after a second stimulus presentation, also differentiated alcoholic Ss from normal controls. As in previous studies, alcoholic Ss were less able to retain newly acquired information. That is, they demonstrate recall deficits that are focal in shifting information from short to long term storage.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sleep data from chronic alcoholics have indicated that sleep disturbance represents an important aspect of alcoholic detoxification. Previous studies have been complicated by problems of poor diet, uncertain time for onset of withdrawal, or a limited time schedule for controlled withdrawal. This study presents longitudinal data for 6, young adult, male patients who were admitted for acute alcoholic detoxification. Five of these patients were given an adequate diet and a large maintenance dose of alcohol for 3 to 7 days prior to withdrawal; the 6th patient was withdrawn immediately on admission to the ward. Sleep was recorded for each 24-hour period for more than 2 weeks and a control standard of sleep was set for each patient from a period after 6 days off alcohol. The data indicate that the recovery time for alcohol withdrawal is approximately 6 to 8 days. During recovery, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep undergoes a damped oscillation, while percentage of wake and time to sleep onset decrease slowly to the control levels. Slow wave sleep was absent or abnormally low. The 6th patient withdrawn on admission without control of diet or amount of alcohol showed the largest REM rebound, but in all other respects gave results similar to the other patients. It is suggested that during this 6− to 8-day detoxification period the alcoholic has an increased risk of resuming drinking in order to reduce his REM sleep disturbance.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Healthy chronic alcoholics were hospitalized and given access to substantial quantities of ethanol in an effort to limit their drinking by the application of contingency-management procedures.Two experiments were designed to determine conditions under which moderate drinking could be maintained for 5 days in succession. The reinforcer for moderation was participation in an enriched environment. Excessive drinking resulted in the subject's withdrawal from this environment. The first experiment demonstrated that moderate drinking could be maintained by this strategy.The question arose then whether drinking during the noncontingent weeks occurred because of the absence of contingencies or whether it resulted from the aversive nature of the impoverished environment in which the subjects were required to live. The second experiment demonstrated that it was the absence of reinforcement contingencies for moderation, rather than living in an impoverished environment, which resulted in excessive drinking.These results are discussed in relation to the feasibility of moderate drinking as a therapeutic goal for the chronic alcoholic and contingencies which might be used to manage alcoholism.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fifty-six male alcoholic patients were admitted to the Metabolic Research Unit following prolonged intoxication. Seventeen patients were maintained on a normal protein diet and ethanol. Thirty-nine patients were placed on a normal diet without ethanol. Serial determinations of hemoglobin, platelets, serum transaminases, and uric acid were obtained at admission and once weekly thereafter. On 17 patients daily determinations of urine nitrogen excretion were obtained and in 31 patients 72-hour collections of stool were obtained for nitrogen and fat. The data show that there is a high incidence of metabolic abnormalities, and recovery, as measured by these tests, is delayed from 1 to 4 weeks. Improvement in dietary intake, rather than the complete withdrawal from ethanol, appeared to be more important in the recovery of normal nitrogen balance, body weight, stool fat, thrombocytopenia, and serum transaminases. The continuous administration of 256 gm of ethanol, however, delayed the recovery of anemia and hyperuricemia in some patients. The data show that, following prolonged intoxication, at least 2 weeks of detoxification are required for most metabolic functions to return to normal.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SMITH, W. LYNN AND PHILIPPUS, MARION JOHN, EDS.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID