摘要:

In 1958, when I started my residency training in psychiatry, diagnostic confusion reigned in the realm of depressive disorders. Diagnostic concepts were not operationalized, nomenclature was not standardized, and no taxonomy was generally accepted. What is the situation today, some 30 years later? Today we work under the patronage of the DSM-III classification of depression, a system in which diagnostic concepts are operationalized, nomenclature is standardized, and this nomenclature is officially accepted in the United States and de facto accepted in numerous countries all over the world. Did that system provide order where chaos reigned? The answer has to be in the negative.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The author lists the main theories of somatization and some of the pertinent empirical studies. The studies suggest that there is no single theory that can adequately explain somatization, which is not only multifactorially determined but is an exceedingly complex phenomenon. There is consistent empirical support for some of the theories, such as somatization being a function of depression or of anxiety, and little or inconsistent research support for some other theories, such as its being a symbolic method of communication or an attempt at conflict resolution. The contributions of the various etiological factors differ from one individual to the next, and it requires sometimes lengthy exploration before the extent of the various contributions can be gleaned.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study assessed levels of depressive symptomatology in a household probability sample of Mexico-born (N- 706) and U.S.-born (N=538) Mexican Americans. We hypothesized that immigration status differences in acculturation, strain, social resources, and social conflict, as well as differences in the associations of these variables with depression, would account for differences in depression between U.S.-born and Mexico-born respondents. U.S.-born Mexican Americans had higher depression scores than those born in Mexico. When cultural and social psychological variables were controlled in a multiple regression analysis, the immigrant status difference persisted. Tests of interaction terms suggested greater vulnerability to the effects of low acculturation and low educational attainment among the U.S.-born relative to those born in Mexico; however, the immigrant status difference persisted after controlling for these interactions. Unmeasured variables such as selective migration of persons with better coping skills, selective return of depressed immigrants, or generational differences in social comparison processes may account for the immigration status difference.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Social phobic patients who fear most or all social interaction situations are labeledgeneralizedsocial phobics in DSM-III-R. Thirty-five patients who met this criterion were compared with 22 social phobic patients whose fears were restricted to public speaking situations. Generalized social phobics were younger, less educated, and less likely to be employed, and their phobias were rated by clinical interviewers as more severe than those of public speaking phobics. Generalized social phobics appeared more anxious and more depressed and expressed greater fears concerning negative social evaluation. They performed more poorly on individualized behavioral tests and differed from public speaking phobics in their responses to cognitive assessment tasks. The two groups showed marked differences in their patterns of heart rate acceleration during the behavioral test. The implications of these findings for the classification and treatment of social phobic individuals are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although several studies have indicated that a substantial portion of alcoholics have an anxiety disorder, relatively little information exists specifically regarding panic disorders. In addition, prior studies have been marred by the absence of appropriate contrast groups. The present investigation compared the lifetime prevalence of panic attacks and panicrelated disorders diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria in a group of 79 alcohol-dependent patients, 64 depressed patients, and 70 nonclinical subjects. Panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia with panic attacks were more prevalent in the alcohol-dependent and depressed samples than among nonclinical subjects. Men in both clinical samples were more likely than women to have had nonagoraphobic panic disorder, but male alcoholics were less likely to have developed agoraphobia than were female alcoholics or depressed patients of either sex. No consistent chronological relationship between onset of panic attacks and alcohol abuse was found. Results indicate that there is an unusually high prevalence of panic attacks and panic-related disorders among alcoholics, but comparable prevalence rates can be found in depressed and perhaps some other psychiatric populations. Implications for the assessment and treatment of alcohol-dependent and panic-disordered patients are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present investigation relied upon a neurophysiological explanation of visual masking and compared the backward masking susceptibility of hypothetical schizotypal individuals with that of control subjects. Masking functions were assessed within two masking conditions: high spatial frequency (HSF) and low spatial frequency (LSF). Schizotypal subjects (those with a 2-7-8 or an 8-9 MMPI profile type) were compared with “psychiatric” control subjects (those with a spike 9 or a 4-9 profile type) and normal control subjects. Group differences were expected only in the transient-facilitating, LSF masking condition in this study's assessment of the hypothesis that a transient channel abnormality underlies the schizophrenia spectrum backward masking deficit. As predicted, schizotypal subjects displayed greater masking susceptibility in the LSF transient-facilitating condition as compared with the HSF, sustained-facilitating condition that produced no group differences. These results suggest that multichannel neurophysiological models of masking may help to direct research designed to gain an increased understanding of the specific nature of the spectrum masking deficit.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) and personality disorder traits in 40 recent-onset schizophrenic patients, to establish the degree of concordance between the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders (SIDP) and the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MCMI-I), and to examine the interrater reliabilities for the diagnosis of SIDP disorders and traits. During their recovery phase, patients underwent the SIDP and completed the MCMI-I, a self-report inventory. Results showed that 57% of all patients had PDs according to the SIDP. The most common PDs were antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal, whereas the most common according to the MCMI-I were dependent, narcissistic, and avoidant. Both instruments indicated that multiple PD diagnoses were common. Paranoid and schizotypal traits were found to be ubiquitous across instruments. The level of agreements between the two instruments was poor on diagnostic assignment but better when trait scores were considered.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Gender differences in the presence or absence and the severity of forty-seven clinician rated features of depression were examined, controlling for the sex of the rater. Subjects consisted of 498 moderately to severely depressed patients coming for treatment and diagnosed as suffering from nonpsychotic, unipolar major depressive disorder. Significant differences were found only for increased appetite and weight. No differences were observed in endogenous symptoms, global severity of depression, or impairment in functioning. The results indicate that, although the rate of major depressive disorder is greater in women, its symptomatology is relatively homogeneous with regard to gender.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Symptoms of anxiety/depression and suicidal ideation were studied in medical students, house staff, and their spouses/partners in a large midwestern school by means of an anonymous questionnaire. A total of 634 medical students and 227 house staff completed the questionnaire. A significantly higher proportion of female trainees than male trainees reported symptoms of anxiety/depression (41% compared with 27%). This difference between men and women was most marked during residency training. The proportion of men reporting anxiety/ depressive symptoms declined between medical school (33%) and residency (10%). No such decline occurred with women (medical students 42%, residents 37%).

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID