摘要:

The growth of cross-cultural psychiatry is now occurring at a time when psychiatry in general is emphasizing diagnostic clarity and the use of quantifiable and reliable methods of collecting clinical and research data. It is now imperative that cross-cultural psychiatry also examine its methods for developing instruments for use in cross-cultural research. This paper outlines a method for developing instruments designed in one culture for use in a second, and particular attention is given to cross-cultural validity or equivalence. Five types of equivalence are enumerated and defined: content, semantic, technical, criterion, and conceptual equivalence. These concepts are illustrated by examples from the authors' experience in research on internal migrants in Peru.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationships of two stress-related intrapsychic manifestations—intrusion and avoidance—to combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed 1 and 2 years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The sample consisted of 285 combat stress reaction Israeli casualties and 198 comparable control subjects. Results showed that higher rates of intrusion and avoidance were reported by both combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder casualties at the two points in time. In addition, the level of intrusion tendencies declined with time. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Severity and location of tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms and diagnosis were related to neurocognitive dysfunction as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale using schizophrenic and affective patients. Diagnosis, severity, and location of TD symptoms were related to cognitive dysfunction. Total symptom severity correlated significantly negatively with 10 of 14 WAIS scores and with four of seven Wechsler Memory scores in the total group with combined schizophrenic and affective patients.The magnitude of the relationships between TD symptom severity and cognitive deficit was strongly affected by the location of the symptoms and the diagnosis of the patient. In the total group, severity of facial TD symptoms correlated significantly negatively with 11 of 14 WAIS scores and with all eight memory scores. TD symptoms in the extremities correlated significantly negatively with only two WAIS and two memory scores, whereas truncal TD symptoms did not correlate significantly negatively with any WAIS or memory scores. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic showed significant negative correlations of total TD symptom severity with 12 of 14 WAIS scores and with seven of eight Wechsler Memory Scale scores. Patients diagnosed as having affective disorder showed only one significant correlation between total TD symptom severity and WAIS or memory scores.Length of institutionalization has been found to be related to TD symptoms in schizophrenic but not affective patients. In the present study, institutionalization was negatively correlated with severity of facial TD symptoms but not with severity of TD symptoms of the trunk or extremities. Both facial TD symptoms and the connection between TD symptom severity and cognitive deficit appeared related to institutionalization. Correlating total lifetime neuroleptic intake and both severity of facial symptoms and the presence of cognitive deficit with TD symptoms was suggested.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Epidemiological relationships were studied between adolescent (ages 15 to 24 years) suicide rates and population shifts among adolescents. Suicide rates among adolescents tripled from 1956 to 1977 and have subsequently leveled off. Increases (and decreases) in adolescent suicide rates corresponded to increases (and decreases, respectively) in the proportion of adolescents in the United States. Opposite trends have been found among older age groups. Projected population fluctuations were used to predict trends in adolescent suicide rates to the year 2000: the current decrease in rates is predicted to continue until the mid-1990s. Recent data indicating a decrease in adolescent suicide rates tend to support the population model hypothesis. The data suggest that demographic variables may be of explanatory and predictive use in understanding the epidemiological trends of suicide. Early intervention and prevention strategies emerge from this model, and various social, public health, and research implications exist. However, the results must be viewed with caution because of the methodological problems inherent in using national mortality data, the possibility that other variables may account for the observed relationships, and the length of time required to test such prospective epidemiological propositions.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The association between psychological well-being (PWB) and health practices (HP) has not been explored. PWB is associated with age, income, education, and physical health. Physical health has been shown to relate to seven HP: sleep, physical exercise, breakfast, snacking, relative body weight, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between PWB and these seven physical health practices. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional health survey of 6320 persons. PWB was measured as an overall score, with positive feelings and negative feelings as sub scores. Each of the three PWB measures was related to favorable health practices. The clinical significance of this relationship remains to be determined. In addition, PWB was noted to improve with age. Although one cannot infer causal relations from cross-sectional data, physical health practices may be important mediators of the mind-body interaction.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The failure of primary care physicians to recognize depressive disorders in medical patients has been attributed to the differing clinical syndromes presented by these persons in comparison with psychiatric patients. Earlier British studies have found inter sector difference in the prevalence and severity of somatic, affective, and cognitive symptoms. Our investigation with American patients did not replicate these findings. The need for further research along these lines is discussed, as are the implications for assessing depression in generalist and specialist practices.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Suicidal behavior is a relatively common and serious problem in those with alcohol and drug problems. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics of 123 alcohol rehabilitation patients with and without a history of suicide attempts, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version. Younger age was significantly related to suicide attempts, as were drug disorders, panic attacks, antisocial symptoms, and alcohol-related problems such as violence, withdrawal symptoms, and personal or occupational loss. Untreated suicide attempts were characterized by less serious suicidal intent and medical threat to life. However, alcohol-or drug-abusing individuals who have not sought treatment for suicidal behavior but who continue to drink or use drugs may be at special risk for completed suicide.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Three patients with multiple personality disorder and three with obsessive-compulsive disorder were compared on a variety of self-report measures and on two structured interviews. Amytal Sodium interviews had been conducted on the obsessive patients; alter personality-like entities claiming responsibility for the obsessions and compulsions were contacted in two patients. The one obsessive patient with no alter personality differed markedly from the other five on the SCL-90, the Lynfield Inventory, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Structured interviews with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule also clearly differentiated this patient from the other five. It appears that there is a phenomenological overlap between multiple personality disorder and some cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive patients with prominent dissociative features may be a psychologically and biologically distinct subgroup.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A previous report using non-DSM-III measures indicated that recovered panic disorder and recovered major depressive patients have similar personality traits. To replicate this finding on DSM-III measures, 57 recovered panic, 19 recovered depressed, and 40 normal subjects were compared on standardized DSM-III personality measures. Virtually no differences were found between recovered major depression and recovered panic disorder patients. However, these two groups did differ from normal subjects in that they were more socially insecure and dependent.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A subcategory of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who also meet criteria for attention deficit disorder (ADD) has recently been described. The present case involves a young man with BPD and ADD who failed to respond to methylphenidate but experienced a marked reversal of anxiety, explosiveness, restlessness, and affective lability when treated with imipramine. Tricylics may prove to be helpful in borderlines who also meet criteria for ADD.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID