摘要:

Many a psychiatrist has said that he did not want to burden himself with a philosophy and that this science had nothing to do with philosophy. But the exclusion of philosophy would nevertheless be disastrous for psychiatry: firstly, if we are not clearly conscious of our philosophy we shall mix it up with our scientific thinking quite unawares and bring about a scientific and philosophic confusion. Secondly, since in psychopathology in particular the scientific knowledge is not all of one kind, we have to distinguish the different modes of knowing and clarify our methods, the meaning and validity of our statements and the criteria of tests-and all this calls for philosophic logic... To sum up: If anyone thinks he can exclude philosophy and leave it aside as useless, he will be eventually defeated by it in some obsure form or another (Karl Jaspers, 1963, pp. 769-770).

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this study, we investigated long-term mental sequelae of torture in Iran and explored differences between treatment seekers and nontreatment seekers. Thirty-four torture victims suffering from enduring mental sequelae and now living in Germany were examined. According to DSM-III-R, depressive, anxiety, and somatoform disorders were diagnosed with a high degree of comorbidity and with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) being the most frequent diagnosis. Treatment seekers had a higher level of psychopathology, particularly the PTSD symptoms of intrusion and increased arousal, and a poorer knowledge of German. They reported different ways of coping. The differences found between the two groups may reflect more or less successful adaptation to conditions in the host country and contribute to the motivation to seek treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Attitudes toward deviant behavior that might indicate psychiatric disorder were investigated among the Inuit of Northern Québec (Nunavik). In a convenience sample of 137 Inuit adults, respondents were randomly presented with one of six different vignettes that described a man with “strange” behavior who was either threatening or withdrawn and whose problem was labeled either“isumaluttuq”(“burdened or weighed down by thoughts”), “demon possession,” or “mental illness.” Respondents rated their willingness to live, work, or hunt with this person and allow him into their family on a social distance scale. Significant predictors of greater social distance were female gender, more education, less familiarity with the behavior, and perception of the person as less likely to recover. There were no significant effects of vignette behavior or label on social distance ratings. Rating of likelihood of recovery was influenced by the vignette label, withisumaluttuqassociated with less chance of recovery. Ascribing strange behavior to morally wrong action and to spirits or demons were highly intercorrelated and each was associated with perception of greater likelihood of recovery. Results suggest that Inuit attitudes toward deviant behavior are influenced more by perceived familiarity and likelihood of recovery than by labels, causal attributions, or explanations. The indigenous psychological concept ofisumaluttuqdoes not serve to reduce social stigma. Efforts to promote the community integration of psychiatric patients through education should aim to increase familiarity with the problematic behavior and emphasize potential for recovery.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The aim of the present study was threefold: (a) to investigate whether anxiety or depressive disorders are related to the use of specific defenes; (b) to evaluate which defenses are associated with self-report measures for anxiety and depression; and (c) to assess whether the association between defenses and anxiety or depression is gender specific. Subjects were 483 consecutive psychiatric outpatients with the following DSM-III-R diagnoses: (a) V-code or no psychiatric diagnosis (N= 71) (controls); (b) one or two anxiety diagnoses (N= 116), among which 47 patients with a single diagnosis of panic disorder; (c) one or two depressive disorder diagnoses (N= 93), among which 35 patients with a single diagnosis of dysthymia and 51 with a single diagnosis of major depression; and (d) 203 otherwise. Defense use was measured with the Defense Style Questionnaire-36 and level of anxiety and depression with the Symptom Checklist-90. Compared to controls, anxiety and depressive disorder patients scored higher for the immature defense style. Moreover, anxiety disorder patients obtained significantly higher scores for the neurotic defense style than both depressive disorder patients and controls. Panic patients made more use of the defense mechanisms of somatization, devaluation, and idealization, and dysthymic patients of somatization, devaluation, and isolation. Both anxiety and depression scores were positively related to the immature and neurotic, and negatively to the mature defense style. Anxiety was predominantly related to somatization and depression to projection. No evidence for a gender specific association between defense and anxiety or depression was found. It is concluded that the observed differences in defense between groups may be a consequence of the nature of the psychiatric disorder irrespective of gender. Prospective studies of persons at risk are needed to evaluate whether specific defenses are predictive of anxiety or depressive disorders and/or symptoms.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Studies on the impacts of violence often overlook the moderating role of social or demographic variables and the confounding effects of different victimization experiences on the same individual. In the present study, 93 adult women presenting to an urban psychiatric emergency room were interviewed regarding their lifetime victimization history, and their charts were examined for relevant demographic and psychiatric variables. Self-reported childhood sexual and physical abuse were common in this sample (53% and 42%, respectively). Adult physical assaults outside of a relationship were described by 29% of patients, 37% reported adult sexual assaults or rapes, and 42% stated that they had experienced one or more physical assaults within an adult relationship. Childhood and adult victimization experiences were intercorrelated and were associated with certain sociodemographic variables. Logistic regression analyses indicated that both child abuse and adult assaults were uniquely associated with psychiatric difficulties, even after controlling for relevant background variables. Childhood sexual abuse was the most powerful predictor of later psychiatric symptoms and disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Our objective was to test the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated symptoms in a multicultural immigrant/refugee population at a psychiatric out-patient clinic. The pilot study included volunteer patients who were randomly assigned to an intervention group (N= 33), who received SCID diagnosis and a battery of life event questionnaires, and a referent group (N= 30), who received the standard diagnostic program. All were followed-up for 1 year. Forty percent of the intervention group, but none in the referent group, were judged to have PTSD. In the intervention group, positive significant correlations were found between HTQ and HSCL-25 and SCID, Axis I PTSD. Experience of trauma influenced the ill-health in the psychometric indices, and the psychometric indices correlated negatively with present and optimal functioning. A targeted trauma approach toward multicultural psychiatric patients using a multidisciplinary team and validated psychometric tools provided sensitive and accurate diagnostic information for this group.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Disinhibition syndromes, ranging from mildly inappropriate social behavior to full blown mania, may result from lesions to specific brain areas. Several studies in patients with closed head injuries, brain tumors, stroke lesions, and focal epilepsy have demonstrated a significant association between disinhibition syndromes and dysfunction of orbitofrontal and basotemporal cortices of the right hemisphere. Based on the phylogenetic origin of these cortical areas and their main connections with dorsal regions related to visuospatial functions, somatosensation, and spatial memory, the orbitofrontal and basotemporal cortices may selectively inhibit or release motor, instinctive, affective, and intellectual behaviors elaborated in the dorsal cortex. Thus, dysfunction of these heteromodal ventral brain areas may result in disinhibited behaviors.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID