摘要:

Studies on cerebral hemispheric specialization suggest that the right and left hemispheres process information in different and sometimes conflicting ways. Rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep may reflect relatively greater activation or efficiency of the right and left hemispheres, respectively. Much of the mentation in wakefulness is dominated by the left hemisphere and its heavy language orientation. Modern theories of dreaming suggest that new solutions or adaptations to existing problems (i.e., new attitudes) may be enhanced by REM sleep and reflected in dreams. This report reviews experimental and clinical evidence to find neurophysiologcal, neuropsychological, and clinical support for the view that information is processed during REM sleep through increased activation, efficiency, and/or relative functional isolation of the right hemisphere.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the hypothesis that dreams reflect biological states. Inpatients on a nonacute cardiology service were studied. Dream material was gathered by an independent interviewer using the Staged Interview Technique, a newly developed interview technique that limited bias. The outcome measures used were obtained at the time of cardiac catheterization. Different levels of severity of cardiac disease with these measures were interpreted as representing different biological states. The patients' dreams were evaluated for the predicted correlations of the number of dream references to death (men) and separation (women) with different levels of severity of heart disease. The severity of heart disease was evaluated with anatomical (coronary angiography) and physiological (ejection fraction) measures obtained at cardiac catheterization, each represented by a 6-point scale of increasing severity. There was no correlation of the number of dream references with the severity of abnormalities on coronary angiography. However, the number of dream references to death and separation correlated with the severity of cardiac dysfunction, as measured by the ejection fraction, which is a more sensitive parameter of disease severity. The data provided prospective support for the hypothesis by showing that dreams reflected a biological state, the ejection fraction. This suggested a possible biological “meaning” of dreams.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examines the cognitive and emotional changes associated with successful surgical treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OS A). By comparing the OS A patients with patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery before (2 weeks) and after (3 months) surgical intervention on a comprehensive psychological battery, it was determined that both groups exhibited anxiety and depression before surgery and these elevations (MMPI) were significantly lower after surgery. However, no differences were found between groups on any emotional or cognitive variable before or after surgical treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sober male middle-aged alcoholics with a mean duration of 11.5 years of abuse and abstinence for a minimum of 3 weeks performed more poorly than age- and educationequated controls on a face-name learning test, replicating previously reported findings. Duration of alcoholism was unrelated to learning scores; however, a measure of alcohol intake (maximal quantity-frequency) over the 6 months before treatment was significantly and inversely correlated with learning. Significant positive correlations between face-name learning and ratings of alcoholics' treatment behavior by their therapists provided objective evidence that the face-name learning test is ecologically relevant

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Conceptual Level Analogies Test (CLAT), a well-constructed test of analogical reasoning, was given to groups of middle-aged male alcoholics and control subjects in two separate studies. As predicted, the alcoholics had lower CLAT scores than nonalcoholics in both studies. These results support the generalized-diffuse model of the neuropsychological effects of alcoholism. Contrary to prediction, alcoholics differed from control subjects as much on the easy analogies as they did on the hard analogies, which suggested that alcoholics differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from nonalcoholics in cognitive impairment. Finally, in two of three studies in our laboratory, familial alcoholics had significantly lower CLAT scores than nonfamilial alcoholics. These findings emphasize the importance of considering familial history of alcoholism when studying the neuropsychological functioning of alcoholics.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Seventeen (28%) of 61 panic disorder patients in a drug treatment study were retrospectively found to have a history of alcoholism (none had abused alcohol in the past year), More men than women had a history of alcohol abuse (p<.03). Alcohol patients were less independent and less able to recognize appropriate social cues on personality testing. There was significant improvement in general anxiety for the drug treatment and nonalcoholic placebo group but not for the alcohol placebo group. This indicates a superior response to supportive therapy for general anxiety in the placebo group without an alcohol abuse history compared with the placebo group with an alcohol abuse history.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Very few studies have examined short-term retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Battery in patient samples or normal subjects. The present study examined 3-week retest reliability in a sample of normal healthy subjects. Both psychometric and clinical reliability issues were addressed. On most of the tests the changes between testing were nonsignificant. The measures with the greatest changes were those that appear to incorporate a problem solving or adaptability component. It was concluded that some of the Halstead-Reitan measures may not be useful in studying short-term changes in performance. On the other hand, most of the measures did not demonstrate significant changes over the 3-week interval and may be useful in examining such short-term changes in performance.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A retrospective review of elderly patients who received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) over an 18-month period found ECT to be safe and effective. Of the 1159 patients admitted to the psychiatric unit during this time period, 50 patients (4.3%) aged 61 to 88 received between two and 14 ECT treatments. Brief pulse current with bilateral electrode placement and electroencephalogram monitoring were used with each patient.A total of 46 patients (92%) were much improved after ECT. Of the four nonresponders, three terminated treatment prematurely due to increased confusion, and one failed to respond after a course of 12 ECT treatments. There were no medical complications related to the ECT.A mean of 4.93 months from the onset of symptoms until receiving ECT may be one factor in our better outcome compared to some recent studies where treatment was delayed. The exclusive use of brief pulse current and its resultant lower level of confusion also may be important.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An adolescent patient with a history of progressively more severe seasonal depression subsequently developed a refractory manic-depressive psychosis with rapid cycling after the initiation of treatment with trimipramine. A complete remission was obtained after a course of six electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments. This unusual case and its outcome are discussed in terms of apparent drug-induced rapid cycling and the treatment of this condition. It is suggested that ECT can be successfully used as an alternative therapeutic option for patients with intractable rapid-cycling manic-depressive disorder.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a single patient suffering from a major depressive episode with melancholia (DSM-III), both severe psychomotor symptoms, such as stupor and mutism, and mood disturbances could be abolished completely and promptly by administration of the benzodiazepine lorazepam. Remission of symptoms was entirely and immediately reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. These drug effects were constantly reproducible. Possible mechanisms of action and the influence of GABAergic neurotransmission on affective and psychomotor state are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1987

数据来源: OVID