摘要:

Research on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in psychiatric epidemiology, has supported its utility in enabling lay interviewers to reproduce psychiatric interviews within an acceptable margin of error. Nonetheless, we propose that the Diagnostic Interview Schedule commits itself to dubious assumptions regarding the accuracy of human memory, shared by other history-taking efforts, by relying on retrospective reports of lifetime DSM-III symptoms and episodic dating of symptom spells. For more than a century, the fallibility of human memory has been the topic of intensive experimental and naturalistic study, a history which is relevant to the construction of instruments like the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The continuing use of retrospective lifetime symptom reports suggests that this literature has been largely ignored in the development and administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Prospectively organized research is needed to disclose the limits of human memory for recent psychiatric events and the mediating conditions under which memory for such events can be accurately retrieved and improved.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The potential benefit of artificial intelligence (AI) technology as a tool of psychiatry has not been well defined. In this essay, the technology of natural language processing and its position with regard to the two main schools of AI is clearly outlined. Past experiments utilizing AI techniques in understanding psychopathology are reviewed. Natural language processing can automate the analysis of transcripts and can be used in modeling theories of language comprehension. In these ways, it can serve as a tool in testing psychological theories of psychopathology and can be used as an effective tool in empirical research on verbal behavior in psychopathology.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Does a day hospital format represent an adequate level of treatment for decompensated patients with personality disorders? The study concerns 97 consecutive patients, 50 of whom belonged to cluster A and B personality disorders. The patients were referred partly from an acute admission ward and partly from outpatient departments. The mean treatment time was approximately 6 months. The dropout rate for schizotypal and borderline patients was 38%. No patient committed suicide. Two patients made suicidal attempts during treatment. The level of medication was moderate, and 58% of the patients were drug-free at discharge. Treatment results at discharge, measured by SCL-90 and Health Sickness Rating Scale, were very good for patients with axis I disorders only, good for cluster C personality disorders, modest for borderline patients, and very modest for schizotypal patients. In general, the results indicate that the containing capacity of a day hospital therapeutic community is substantial and that it may reduce the need for long-term inpatient treatment.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The diagnostic spectrum of eating disorders according to DSM-III-R was examined in a sample of 86 consecutive cases from a defined urban catchment area of Stockholm, Sweden. Presenting diagnoses were: bulimia nervosa 65%; atypical eating disorders, 20%; anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype, 9%; and, anorexia nervosa, bulimic subtype, 6%. All groups showed an extreme fear of weight gain. Restricting anorexics were older, had the latest age of onset of eating disorder, and had the shortest duration of illness. Bulimic anorexics had the longest duration of illness, earliest age of onset, and greater eating disorder psychopathology than restricting anorexics and atypicals. Bulimics exhibited significantly greater eating disorder psychopathology compared with atypicals. Both bulimics and bulimic anorexics presented with significantly greater general psychopathology compared with restricting anorexics and atypicals. Atypicals appeared to be the least disturbed group, whereas bulimic anorexics were the most disturbed. Results are discussed in terms of the relative merits of DSM-III and DSM-III-R, the characteristics of particular disorders, and the possibility of an underlying sequential course of illness in the eating disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R was used to examine the effects of the cooccurrence of psychiatric and substance dependence disorders on diagnostic reliability. The test-retest reliability over a 1-week period was studied in groups of: a) individuals with current substance abuse diagnoses (N=97), b) individuals with past, but not current, drug histories (N=146), and c) individuals without substance abuse diagnoses (N=356; primarily psychiatric patients). A measurement of reliability (Kappa coefficients) was estimated for four general psychiatric categories (psychotic, mood, anxiety, and eating disorders), along with specific most-frequent diagnoses in each category (schizophrenia, major depression, panic disorders, and bulimia nervosa, respectively). Past use and non-drug-use groups were similar in their generally reliable reporting of current and past psychiatric disorders. However, current mood and psychotic disorders were less reliably diagnosed in the group with current substance use disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Malevolent object relations as well as splitting have long been considered by psychodynamic theorists as central features of borderline personality disorder. We tested the hypotheses that borderlines would a) perceive their parents more negatively than both nonborderline major depressive patients and nonpatient normal controls, and b) split their representations of their parents into opposites more than the comparison subjects. Borderlines (N=31), who were identified by the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, Research Diagnostic Criteria major depressives (N=15), and nonpatient controls (N=14) were asked to rate each parent on the Adjective Check List (ACL; Gough and Heilbrun, 1983). Seven ACL scales were studied: Favorable, Unfavorable, Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Nurturance, Aggression, and Dominance. Correlations were performed between scores for mother and father on the various scales for each of the three cohorts. Analysis of variance and one-way Wests with Bonferroni correction were used to test group differences. Borderlines rated their parents, especially their fathers, not only as more unfavorable on negative scales than depressives or normals, but as less favorable on positive scales than the comparison groups. Analysis of covariance revealed that a significant portion of the variance in father scores, but not in mother scores, was related to age of respondent and history of sexual abuse. While borderlines did not appear to split their parents into one good and one bad parent, they did show significantly less correlation between parents on the Favorable scale when compared with either depressives or normal subjects. The results imply that borderlines have a greater tendency to view the world in negative, malevolent ways than to split their object representations.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The hypothesis that chronic neuroleptic treatment may induce relapse in some schizophrenic patients has received considerable attention. This effect, usually called supersensitivity psychosis, has been attributed to neuroleptic-induced changes in mesolimbic or mesocortical dopaminergic receptors. However, research has not established that neuroleptics cause the proposed effect, and considerations of mechanism have not been separated from those of causation. The focus of research in this area should be the establishment or refutation of a causal relationship between chronic neuroleptic use and psychotic relapse.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID