摘要:

Objectivity in the history of psychotherapy is difficult to attain because the historian's personal attitude necessarily colors his interpretation to a greater or lesser degree, and particularly so when the area studied is still emotionally charged. This is illustrated by the present research on the relationship between Charcot and Freud, and its relevance to the origins of dynamic psychology

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Distinctive features were found in manifest dreams from 25 schizophrenic males when compared with manifest dreams from 25 nonschizophrenic males. The application of Rapaport's indices of thought disorder on the Rorschach (fabulized combination, confabulation, and contamination) to the manifest dream revealed that these specific types of primary process constructions appear more frequently and consistently in the dreams of schizophrenics. In addition, a greater difficulty and impairment in organizing and reporting the dream around a sense of self was characteristic of schizophrenics. A higher incidence of distortions in the representation of body boundaries was not seen in the manifest dreams of schizophrenics, but tended to differentiate those subjects giving evidence of thought disorder in their dreams. The results were discussed in terms of confirming the notion that waking and dream thought processes were continuous in schizophrenia; that is, both are characterized by a fluidity and insubstantiality of conceptual boundaries and self-nonself differentiation

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The psychologically impaired apparently are more likely to seek secondary sources of help than the unimpaired in response to a wide variety of crises. (Secondary sources of help are denned in this article as those distinct from family or friends and for which one usually has to leave home and pay a fee.) This implies that psychological impairment predisposes to differential perception of social support as helpful or unhelpful for different types of crisesImpairment leads to the perception of formal surroundings as helpful for a much greater number of crises than unimpairment. This implies that the structural elements within society are quite important to those whose adjustment by virtue of impairment is marginalWhile we can only speculate why individuals perceive one form of help as more useful than another, our attention is directed to the potential problem of knowledgeably increasing the social support structure, formal and informal, within our society so as to minimize the reliance of the impaired on informal supports which apparently have largely failed or been inadequate for the needs of the impaired person

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Clinical evidence has been amassed in support of the application of behavioral principles in the treatment of school phobia. A variety of behavior modification techniques including systematic desensitization, “emotive imagery,” interference and shaping, forced school attendance, implosion, and parent retraining programs have been used successfully in reinstating school attendance. However, many of the follow-up studies are superficially conducted and more detailed long term follow-ups are needed. Furthermore, experimental evidence indicating the superiority of the behavioral approach is warranted. Both group design and single case studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of particular behavioral methods. Also, examination of the most effective treatment combinations should be undertaken. Finally, the full involvement of relevant school personnel, utilizing behavioral principles in prevention and early treatment of school phobia, appears to be an essential facet of a broad spectrum behavioral approach

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Delay in the emergence of crawling behavior was observed in a group of seven children. Each was followed from a state of total locomotor immobility to skilled creeping and crawling. Despite the remarkable (up to 1 year) retardation, the pattern of emergence of crawling was generally consistent with that described by McGraw for normally developing children. A notable exception was the tendency of delayed children to begin forward locomotion before they could raise their abdomens off the supporting surface. This finding, taken together with the fact that the most significant delay was found in two anatomically intact individuals who had suffered massive environmental deprivation, suggests that the emergence of typical patterns of prone progression is dependent on adequate very early somesthetic stimulation

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrolyte values have for years been related to levels of central nervous system arousal. Behavioral effects in animals have been shown and theoretically it appears that a variety of drugs, which alter enzyme systems active in the choroid plexus, play a significant part in regulating production of fluid, as well as electrolyte balance in the CSF and ultimately in the extracellular space. The finding of reduced CSF flow and slight reduction of potassium has been confirmed with acetazolamide in children with indwelling intraventricular cannulaeTwenty-three hyperactive children in a state school for the retarded were used as subjects to test out the hypothesis that acetazolamide would reduce hyperactive behavior. For comparison, amphetamine, a commonly used drug in this indication, placebo, and no treatment were used. Activity was measured using a room equipped with monitored toys and sonic sensors as well as global and ward behavior rating scales. Measures of serum and red cell electrolytes were performed. Acetazolamide was found to reduce serum and red cell potassium. No other electrolyte effects were found with any drug. Of the four treatment conditions, acetazolamide and placebo improved hyperactivity; acetazolamide was statistically superiorThe theoretical significance of this finding is not clear, as this drug is known to have many pharmacological actions. Large amounts of the drug enter the CSF and may directly affect neurons; CSF production is reduced and potassium levels are altered; carbonic anhydrase inhibition occurs. Any one of these actions might be relevant, or for that matter, combinations of these effects may account for the undisputable reduction in hyperactivity noted in this short trial

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Over a 2-year period of admissions to a psychiatric open ward of a general teaching hospital, all patients clinically diagnosed as neurotic depressive reaction were systematically assessed at the time of admission and again at discharge on scales measuring faulty styles of coping and manifest distress. Ratings were made by the patients themselves, by the residents who treated them, and by nurses on the ward. Two types of character profiles were noted: one reflected patients with impulsive, intrusive, defiant, guarded, and grandiose patterns and the other, patients who felt constricted, socially isolated, helpless, vulnerable, and worthless. Improvement over the course of hospitalization was found to be more associated with the latter characterological profile in this group of patients than with the former. Patients with impulsive-defensive features improved no more often than might be attributed to chance factors in this setting

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper reports the findings of four exploratory studies in which the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD-25) on social behaviors were measured using the Bales Interaction Process Analysis technique. The interaction of four four-person continuing groups, including a group of reformatory inmates, two groups of alcoholics, and a group of chronic schizophrenics, was examined in drug and placebo sessions. For three groups, the reformatory inmates, one group of alcoholics, and the group of schizophrenics, dosages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg were administered. For the second group of alcoholics, dosages of 100 and 200 μg were given and the interaction was studied in both morning and afternoon sessionsMarked changes in interaction with the drug appeared in all four groups. Some changes were related to dosage level and were similar across groups. For instance, total interaction rose at lower dosages (25 and 50 μg), seemed to level out at slightly higher dosages (75 and 100 μg), and decreased at the high dosage administered (200 μg). However, some changes with dosage level appeared to reflect the composition of the group. For example, the behaviorally aggressive reformatory inmates showed increased negative social-emotional behaviors, the two alcoholic groups rose in positive social-emotional behaviors, while the schizophrenics tended to rise in both positive and negative behaviors with rising LSD dosages. Self-analytic behavior rose markedly at the higher dosages, but only in the alcoholic group, which received 100 and 200 μg, so that it was unclear whether group composition was significant in this case. These dosage and group composition related findings served to explain some contradictory findings of earlier studies and suggest important implications for both the therapeutic and illicit uses of LSD-25.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID