ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is a study of the psychodynamics of heroin abuse among students. Some took heroin as part of a pattern of mixed drug abuse; others were frankly addicted. Twenty students were studied in detail using psychoanalytic interviewing techniques emphasizing free associations, dreams, and fantasies. They were seen as often as necessary to obtain an adequate psychodynamic picture. Short term therapy was administered when possible. Psychological tests (WAIS, Rorschach, TAT, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the clinical findings. The students were white and black males from affluent, middle-class, and ghetto backgrounds; they represented all major religious denominations, and ranged in age from high school seniors to graduate students.Three cases which illustrate the psychodynamics of heroin abuse are presented in detail. The passivity and surface blandness of these students were cloaks for destructive and self-destructive impulses. These students had all suffered unusual pain in their early relationships with their mothers which made it virtually impossible for them to form close relationships with young women. Heroin use was bound up in their attempt to deal with anxiety engendered by intimacy. It helped them keep their distance emotionally. Heroin enabled them to overcome potency anxieties by insuring that their pleasure was from the drug and not from the sexual experience. It conferred on these students the illusion of an invulnerability which they sought to protect them against the abrasions of relationships which they saw as inherently painful.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is a study of the psychology of college students who are heavy and habitual users of amphetamines. The vast majority of student amphetamine abusers are women.Fifteen students who used amphetamines regularly were studied in detail using psychoanalytic interviewing techniques. Short term therapy was administered when indicated. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews.The study indicates the ways in which amphetamines are used by students to drive themselves toward goals they did not desire, but felt they had to pursue. These students have learned early to ignore their own feelings and sacrifice themselves to please someone else. Amphetamines permit them to function in an automatic, unfeeling way while ignoring their own frustration.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of two stimulant drugs on both learning and retention. However, the fundamental purpose was to evaluate the transfer effects which might result when the critical independent variable was the maintenance or change of the drug condition from learning to retention sessions. The subjects were 18 hyperactive children who were randomly assigned to one of three acquisition groups: placebo, methylphenidate (Ritalin), or dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine).Testing was conducted in “sequences.” Each sequence consisted of training session and a subsequent retention session which occurred 48 hours later. There were four of these sequences allowing for one baseline sequence and three transfer sequences. Once assigned to an acquisition group, the subject alwayslearnedthe tasks under that drug condition. However, each subject was tested forretentionunder each of the possible drug conditions.Three tasks were employed in this experiment: a recognition task, paired associate task, and a maze task. These tasks were selected with the rationale that they described a hierarchy of processes, any one of which might be critically affected if state dependency emerged as a significant factor.The results indicated that neither of the active drugs significantly improved learning or retention performance. Furthermore, although numerous dependent measures were used on each of the three tasks, all tests for statedependent effects were statistically nonsignificant. Many of the transfer data actually proceeded in directions contrary to what would be predicted from state-dependent theory.Several studies which employed similar tasks were discussed. It was emphasized that the majority of these had obtained results virtually identical with the present experiment. The two studies presenting major exceptions were shown to be procedurally inadequate in many respects. It was concluded that state dependency does not occur with these drugs when they are administered in reasonable clinical doses. Transfer appears to be as great when the drug conditions are changed as when they are maintained constant.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study had the aims of: 1) replicating two previous studies done in the area of behavioral aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS); and 2) comparing the performance of MS patients on a series of neuropsychological tests with neuropsychiatric patients and patients with various forms of brain damage other than MS. In both cases the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and the Halstead Battery of Neuropsychological Tests were used as the behavioral measures. With regard to the replication, differences were found among studies on the Wechsler Scales, but not on the neuropsychological tests. The performance patterns were similar in all three studies. The comparison among MS, neuropsychiatric, and brain-damaged patients revealed that the major difference among these groups appeared on tests of various aspects of motor functioning.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The epidemiology of catatonic schizophrenia is presented, based on 798 cases from a county-wide psychiatric register. The cases in this catatonic cohort represent 10 per cent of all patients ever to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register. The 7-year prevalence of catatonic schizophrenia, based on the span of this study, is close to 1 per 1,000 county inhabitants. Far from being a vanishing entity, the catatonic type of schizophrenia now represents 5 per cent of all first diagnoses of schizophrenia.There are significantly more women than men in the catatonic cohort when compared to the register schizophrenics, the entire register population, or the Monroe County population (p<.02).The age-adjusted rates for the catatonic cohort, and especially for those consistently diagnosed as catatonic schizophrenia, are 2 to 8 times higher in the lower socioeconomic classes than in the upper socioeconomic classes. The over-representation of the lower classes and under-representation of the upper classes are even more marked than they are in the register schizophrenics, where the lower-class rates are 2.3 times higher than the upperclass rates.The relative risk of death is 2.6 to 3.6 times greater in the catatonic cohort than in the age-adjusted county population.Multiple episodes requiring hospitalization occurred in 57 per cent of the catatonic cohort. Indeed, 68 per cent of the cases not in custodial care at the onset of the study had more than one hospitalization.For the entire cohort, episodes longer than 180 days occurred for 49 per cent of the men and 35 per cent of the women. A significantly greater proportion of men than women had admissions lasting longer than 180 days (p<.01). Conversely, a significantly greater proportion of women than men had all their episodes lasting less than 45 days (p<.01).The diagnostic outcome of a cohort with no psychiatric treatment prior to entry in the register and with a diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia made at an acute treatment facility is presented. These 51 cases were followed for 3 to 6 years. Some other type of schizophrenia than catatonia was diagnosed more frequently for 22 cases. Six other cases were more frequently diagnosed as having nonschizophrenic psychiatric illnesses. Of the 23 cases who were most frequently called catatonic schizophrenia, two fatalities occurred. Both these cases had organic disease, proved at autopsy, which produced catatonic behavior.Although catatonia was thought to have a relatively favorable outcome 100 years ago, those cases now that are so diagnosed do not appear to have a better prognosis than that of other types of schizophrenia. And a small percentage of cases with catatonic behavior mask potentially lethal organic disease.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A 42-year-old female patient exhibiting the symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome including explosive motor and verbal tics has been treated with psychoanalysis and haloperidol over the past 25 years. A stormy childhood mixed with malnutrition and a stepfather who sexually molested her caused a fearful stress which brought to the surface these Tourette symptoms. An intensive psychotherapeutic regimen improved her condition somewhat until I tried, a then new drug, haloperidol. Within 2 weeks, her symptoms were appreciably decreased. After careful titration, she has, for the past 5 years, been maintained on 0.7 mg daily of haloperidol and only rarely has a solitary body tic.It is interesting to note that this patient's symptoms increased in frequency and severity whenever she encountered a stressful situation with which she had difficulty coping. Conversely, the absence of these situations resulted in a lessening of the symptoms. Since two of this patient's children exhibited similar symptoms to a lesser degree, the long standing question regarding organicity of this syndrome remains. In this case it seems that both psychological and organic factors played an inseparable part.Many physicians have long since noted that most tics subside with both psychotherapy and chemotherapy. This case report seems to support this theory. The symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette can be controlled with a regimen of minimal amounts of haloperidol and psychotherapy which will allow these patients to lead a more normal and happier social life.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1974

数据来源: OVID