摘要:

Several studies have shown that different systems for diagnosing schizophrenia produce diagnoses with relatively low agreement. This, however, does not necessarily imply that the different systems are identifying conceptually different diagnostic groups. They may, in fact, identify a single entity, but with different degrees of accuracy. One-hundred ninety-six inpatients were diagnosed by multiple diagnostic systems. The pattern of relationship among the diagnoses was studied with latent class analysis, a statistical methodology which has not previously been applied to this type of data. Results indicated that the diagnoses of the Research Diagnostic Criteria, Flexible 6, Schneider, and 1978 Taylor and Abrams diagnostic systems all estimated a single underlying diagnosis. The Taylor and Abrams system identified this core diagnosis with high accuracy. The results also suggest that blunted affect and the absence of an affective syndrome are related to latent class schizophrenia, while the presence of only nonspecific delusions and/or hallucinations is not related. The appropriateness of the latent class definition of schizophrenia for selecting patients for research is discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Volitional auditory imagery and spontaneous imagery/fantasy are examined in schizophrenicvs.nonschizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. Imaginal aspects of schizophrenia are also studied with regard to concurrent presence or absence of hallucination. Comparisons of imaginal function between diagnostic groups and among hallucinatory subgroups turned up few significant differences. Findings do not support the Mintz and Alpert (Mintz, S., and Alpert, M. Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. J. Abnorm. Psychol.,79: 310–316,1972) enhanced vividness model of schizophrenic hallucination but do provide some support for an imagery deficit model.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Numerous studies of schizophrenics have defined a dominant, overprotective but basically rejecting mother as the Schizophrenogenic mother of the literature. While such a maternal style has been incriminated as a causal influence on the development of schizophrenia and/or a response to schizophrenia or prodromal schizophrenic disturbance in a child, case-control Studies raise doubt as to whether such a maternal style is over-represented at all in the families of schizophrenics. The present paper reviews the evolution of the concept and its critical evaluation, principally by American workers, and then attempts to integrate that research with British studies of expressed emotion. The British studies have looked principally at the course, rather than at the onset, of schizophrenic disturbance and demonstrated that exposure to high levels of expressed emotion in a key relative is predictive of schizophrenic relapse. The review suggests that the key components of expressed emotion—critical comments and overinvolvement—parallel the rejecting and overprotective characteristics imputed to the Schizophrenogenic mother of the literature. While expressed emotion has been shown to predict relapse, causality has not, as yet, been demonstrated and several noncausal links are explored. As such research has the potential to promote key advances in the clinical management of schizophrenic patients, the review attempts to draw attention to the way in which findings from the regions complement each other.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A random sample of 55 schizophrenic outpatients, 26 men and 29 women, treated with neuroleptics was selected from our long term follow-up clinic. The patients rated their current sexual functioning on specially designed scales. Fifty-four per cent of male and 30 per cent of female patients reported impaired sexual functioning during neuroleptic treatment. Ninety-one per cent of female patients reported changes in menstruation. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated between sexual dysfunction score and plasma prolactin level adjusting for age. Sexual dysfunction was found to be associated with high plasma prolactin levels in male patients but not in female patients. High prolactin tended also to be associated with menstrual disturbances. Antiparkinsonian medication was not found to be correlated with either sexual dysfunction or menstrual disorder score.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

As part of a larger study of pathological self-injury, 14 self-mutilators and 14 psychiatric controls matched for age, sex, and inpatient/outpatient status were administered the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. Consistent with Gunderson's theory of borderline personality disorder, the self-mutilators scored significantly higher on impulse-action patterns, affects, psychoticism, and interpersonal relations as well as on the total borderline index. A review of clinical records likewise revealed that self-mutilators were more likely than controls to have been diagnosed as borderline and to have received a greater number of different diagnoses during their treatment career. The results have implications for developmental theory, diagnosis, and treatment and provide support for the construct validity and clinical utility of the borderline syndrome and the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty outpatients with a primary unipolar major depression of recent onset and a matched control group of employees were administered the hostility scale of the Kellner Symptom Questionnaire, depression was rated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and life events were recorded in a structured interview. In a subgroup of depressives who had not reported losses, there was an association of hostility and depression, whereas no such association was found in depressives who had reported losses. The findings are consistent with those of previous studies showing that hostility is largely limited to a subgroup of depressives. In a substantial proportion of the depressives, depression and hostility are independent affects.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper presents an evaluation of clinical characteristics of opiate addicts who also have a current or past history of alcoholism diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Based on data derived from a survey of 533 treated opiate addicts, the following findings were obtained. First, alcoholism in treated opiate addicts was found to be a common problem occurring at rates far exceeding those in the surrounding community in all demographic groups. Second, regarding the sequence of alcoholism and opiate addiction, most alcoholic addicts in this sample had alcohol problems before developing a drug use disorder or seeking treatment for opiate addiction. Third, entrance into treatment did not appear to lead to either increased or decreased alcohol abuse, and alcohol abuse while in treatment usually took place in those who had a history of alcohol problems. Fourth, when compared with nonalcoholic addicts, alcoholic addicts had fewer assets and more liabilities including a more disruptive childhood history, heavier history of legal problems and poly drug abuse, more severe problems with social functioning, and higher rates of psychiatric disorders. Fifth, despite these liabilities follow-up findings 6 months after seeking treatment indicate that alcoholism was of little prognostic significance in relationship to treatment outcome.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A review of 5135 patients registered for their first psychiatric services at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute during the period 1969 to 1978 found 113 patients who had been adopted as children. While the representation of adoptees among Children's Service patients was somewhat higher than expected (5 per cent as against an expected 2.2 per cent), the representation of adoptees among adult patients (1.6 per cent) was actually below the expected rate (2.2 per cent in the population at large). Two thirds of the child adoptees were placed in their adoptive homes by the time they were 1 year old. There were no significant differences in psychiatric diagnoses assigned to adopted and nonadopted patients at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute. The authors conclude that adoptees are not generally over-represented in psychiatric samples, though it is true that they may be seen somewhat more frequently in child psychiatry clinics. The authors also conclude that, while adoption may serve as a focus for psychopathology in individual cases, adoption itself cannot be seen as specifically pathogenic.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A tripartite classification of unipolar disease based on family history has been proposed by Winokur. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the familial pure depressive disorder (FPDD) and the sporadic depressive disorder (SDD) populations could be differentiated on the basis of baseline EEG sleep as effected by a tricyclic pharmacological probe.A subject group consisting of 26 females and 10 males yielding 18 FPDD/SDD pairs matched for age was selected. Both groups of patients demonstrated a considerable amount of sleep continuity disturbance with an overall sleep efficiency of 80.5 per cent in the pure depressive (FPDD) group and 83 per cent in the sporadic (SDD) group. Examination of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep variables revealed the usual shortened REM latency as well as increased REM activity and REM density changes. However, the only significant difference between the two groups on baseline was the presence of more stage 3 and 4 sleep in the sporadic group, but stage 3 and 4 sleep was found in less than 40 per cent of the total sample.In contrast, analysis of the first two nights of EEG sleep on 50 mg of amitriptyline demonstrated several significant findings between the two groups. While considerable REM sleep suppression occurred in both groups, REM activity, REM intensity, and the number of REM periods were significantly more suppressed in the pure group than the sporadic group. Application of these variables led to a successful discrimination of 75 per cent of all the cases. These findings suggest a hyper-reactivity of sleep in patients with FPDD to a pharmacological probe.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been proposed, most recently in an article by L. Green and D. Washauer entitled, “A note on the ‘paradoxical’ effect of stimulants on hyperactivity with reference to the rate-dependency effect of drugs” (J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.,169: 196–198, 1981), that the rate-dependent effect of drugs explains the paradoxical reduction of motor activity by central nervous system stimulants administered to hyperactive children. Research indicates that the effects of these drugs on the behavior of animals or humans are not presently understood and that such proposals confuse an explanation with an empirical result.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1982

数据来源: OVID