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1. |
A Review of Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse in SchizophreniaPatterns of Drug Choice |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 641-652
FRANKLIN SCHNEIER,
SAMUEL SIRIS,
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摘要:
We reviewed studies measuring unsupervised use of psychoactive substances in schizophrenic and control populations and organized the results by substance class. Despite much variation in their methodologies, these studies broadly agreed that schizophrenic groups' use of amphetamines and cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, caffeine, and tobacco was significantly greater than or equal to use by control groups consisting of other psychiatric patients or normal subjects. Schizophrenic groups' use of alcohol, opiates, and sedative-hypnotics was significantly less than or equal to use by control groups. We discuss the implications of this nonrandom pattern of drug choice for the hypothesis of substance abuse as a form of self-medication in schizophrenia.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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2. |
Attitudes toward Narcotic Addiction |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 653-660
DAVID NURCO,
JOHN SHAFFER,
THOMAS HANLON,
TIMOTHY KINLOCK,
KAREN DUSZYNSKI,
PHILIP STEPHENSON,
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摘要:
In an effort to isolate the major dimensions of attitude and expectation regarding narcotic addiction and its treatment and to compare different groups of addict/clients and agency staff on these factors, a comprehensive questionnaire was administered to 900 addict/clients and 237 agency personnel in 25 drug treatment clinics in six states. Results of a factor analysis, which used questionnaire data from all of the 1137 subjects so that direct group comparisons could be made, indicated the presence of 10 major dimensions of attitude and expectation. Results also suggested considerable variation, particularly by status (client us. staff) and ethnic group, on these dimensions. An additional analysis of staff attitudes and expectations revealed correlations with years of education, ex-addict status, and years of work experience. Such findings suggest the need to consider client/staff characteristics and attitudes in the planning of treatment services for narcotic addicts. An abbreviated (53- item) attitude and expectation questionnaire was developed for this purpose.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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3. |
Histamine Receptor Antagonism of Intolerance to Alcohol in the Oriental Population |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 661-667
NORMAN MILLER,
DONALD GOODWIN,
FOWLER JONES,
MANUEL PARDO,
MAN ANAND,
WILLIAM GABRIELLI,
TOM HALL,
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摘要:
The Oriental flushing reaction is an adverse response to alcohol that appears to be genetically determined. In this study, the Oriental flushing reaction that was produced with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by antihistamine administration.A group of 17 subjects was tested. Each subject received placebo, diphenhydramine 50 mg (H-1 receptor antagonist), and cimetidine 300 mg (H-2 receptor antagonist) singularly and in combination. Alcohol was then administered orally.Most subjects given placebo experienced the typical flushing reaction that included a cutaneous flush, increase in skin temperature, decrease in blood pressure, increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness, and nausea. The flush, temperature and systolic hypotension were significantly blocked by the combined antihistamine administration. Cimetidine given alone blocked the flush, temperature increase, and systolic hypotension significantly more than diphenhydramine but less than the combined antihistamines. Diphenhydramine was similar to placebo in its effect on the flushing reaction.The role of histamine in the expression of tolerance to alcohol is not known. Antihistamine antagonism of the adverse flushing reaction suggests that histamine receptors may participate in the intolerance to ethanol in Orientals. Histamine may be an important protective factor in the low prevalence of alcoholism in Orientals.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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4. |
Sex of Parent and Offspring in the Transmission of AlcoholismA Meta-Analysis |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 668-673
VICKI POLLOCK,
LON SCHNEIDER,
WILLIAM GABRIELLI,
DONALD GOODWIN,
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摘要:
Familial studies of alcoholism were reviewed to evaluate the role of sex of parent and offspring in alcoholism transmission. Data from 32 familial alcoholism studies were evaluated by meta-analysis. The results indicated that both male and female alcoholic patients more frequently come from homes in which their father, rather than their mother, is alcoholic, even when sex differences in alcoholism prevalence rates are taken into account. Although female offspring of alcoholic mothers show alcoholism rates that are elevated relative to those expected in the general population, male offspring of alcoholic mothers do not.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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5. |
Is Death from Natural Causes Still Excessive in Psychiatric Patients?A Follow-up of 1593 Patients with Major Affective Disorder |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 674-680
DONALD BLACK,
GEORGE WINOKUR,
AMELIA NASRALLAH,
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摘要:
A follow-up of 1593 Iowans with major affective disorder showed excessive mortality from unnatural causes in primary and secondary depression, and bipolar depression, but not mania, compared with age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. Excessive death from natural causes was found in women with secondary unipolar depression and bipolar depression and in manics (men and women combined) who had concurrent organic mental disorders or serious medical illnesses. Natural death was not excessive in the absence of these conditions. We conclude that excessive natural death reported in psychiatric patients is due to complicating physical disorders and not to the primary psychiatric disorder per se, whereas excessive unnatural death is due to the psychiatric disorder. Also, psychiatrically ill persons are probably referred for hospitalization more frequently when complicating physical disorders are present. Finally, we conclude that mortality patterns were similar in patients with primary and secondary unipolar depression, but bipolar patients were at lower risk for unnatural death than were unipolar patients.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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6. |
Recovery Style from Mental Illness and Long-Term Outcome |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 681-685
THOMAS McGLASHAN,
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摘要:
Integration and sealing over have been identified as clinically distinct recovery styles from schizophrenia. Specific definitions and scales of these styles were applied reliably to 231 patients from the Chestnut Lodge follow-up study at long-term outcome (15 year average). Data were analyzed for the entire sample and for diagnostic subgroups: schizophrenia, schizoaffective and unipolar affective disorders, and schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Results find that integration and sealing over are strongly correlated with functional outcome. While linked somewhat to type of psychopathology, these styles are best conceived as enduring personality trait characteristics in the nature of predictors.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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7. |
Preadolescent Friendships Recalled by the Young Adult |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 686-687
ROBERT URSANO,
HARRY WETZLER,
ANITA SLUSARCICK,
RALPH GEMELLI,
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摘要:
Recall of a preadolescent chumship was studied in two groups of young adults of different socioeconomic status. In both groups a preadolescent chum of the same sex was the norm (65.7% to 71.4%). For a substantial minority (3.4% to 11.4%), a chum of the opposite sex was reported.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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8. |
Effect of Lithium Carbonate on Lateralized Cognitive Functions |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 688-691
GILA HARAN,
NATHAN KARNY,
ISRAEL NACHSHON,
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摘要:
The effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions was studied by asking a patient suffering from a manic-depressive disorder to repeatedly recognize a given series of digits delivered dichotically while varying the dosage of lithium carbonate intake.The data showed that, whereas digit recognition from the right ear (left hemisphere) was about the same across tests, recognition from the left ear (right hemisphere) varied systematically with dosage variations. Specifically, it was found that an increase in dosage of lithium carbonate was associated with a decrease in recognition from the left ear.These data might indicate unilateral hemispheric effects of lithium carbonate on the dysfunctional right hemisphere of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorders. Clinical implications of the findings of the present case study are also discussed.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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9. |
Munchausen's Syndrome: A Reconceptualization of the Disorder |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 692-695
NORMAN SUSSMAN,
JOAN BOROD,
JOSEPH CANCELMO,
DEVRA BRAUN,
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摘要:
The American Psychiatric Association'sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,third edition (DSM-III) delineates three categories of factitious disorders: chronic with physical symptoms (Munchausen's syndrome); factitious disorder with psychological symptoms; and other factitious disorders with physical symptoms. Munchausen's syndrome served as the prototype for all factitious disorders at the time DSM-III was drafted, partly due to the disproportionate attention given to this variant of the disorder. Clinical experience suggests that existing categories do not adequately provide for commonly seen forms of factitious illness. It is now recognized that factitious disorder is the result of a complex interaction of personality factors and psychosocial stressors that often present with both medical and psychiatric symptomatology. Proposed changes in the revised edition of the diagnostic manual DSM-III-R include separate categories of factitious disorder with psychological, physical, and both psychological and physical symptoms.A case report of a patient for whom extensive records and thorough psychological assessment were available is exemplary of a more common course of the disorder (both psychological and physical symptoms) that by current classification would be considered “atypical.” A reconceptualization of the disorder that gives emphasis to course and clinical features is suggested.
ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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10. |
Community Surveys of Psychiatric Disorders |
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The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Volume 175,
Issue 11,
1987,
Page 696-697
Phil Brown,
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ISSN:0022-3018
出版商:OVID
年代:1987
数据来源: OVID
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