摘要:

Forty-nine families from the University of Rochester Child and Family Study were followed up 10 to 14 years after initial assessment. Two inclusion criteria were applied: at least one of the parents had been hospitalized for a functional psychiatric disorder before initial assessment and, second, the male index offspring should be 18 years or older at follow-up. Initial measures included observationally based coding of the family's level of disqualifying communication toward the index offspring, index child's scores on the Child Manifest Anxiety Scale, and ratings of the index child's social competence carried out by peers, teachers, and parents. Offspring outcome was measured by the Mental Health Inventory, Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and hospitalization for psychiatric disorder. The results showed that every measure of offspring outcome was predicted by the amount of disqualification directed to the offspring from the other family members. In addition, GAS score and mental health were predicted by the offspring's competence as a child. Family disqualification, childhood competence, and socioeconomic status accounted for 63% of the variance in adult GAS scores.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present study investigated flat affect in schizophrenia within a multicomponent model of emotions in which affects were identified with the expression or display of feelings. Display, as well as other components of emotion, such as subjective experience and psychophysiological reactivity, were examined as 24 schizophrenic inpatients (12 with flat affect) and 12 depressed inpatients were guided through imagery of personal emotional experiences. It was hypothesized that display variables would show a relationship with flat affect, whereas physiological and subjective variables would not. Increased flatness of affect was associated with longer pauses and reduced dyadic interaction and less zygomatic (cheek) electromyogram activity. The flat affect patients unexpectedly showed more corrugator (brow) electromyogram activity compared with the depressed group, which perhaps reflects difficulty in self-expression. The flat affect group had faster heart rates at baseline. The groups did not, however, differ in self-report of the intensity of experienced emotion. These results support the view that flat affect patients show a reduction in emotional display, whereas other subsystems of emotion processing appear normally engaged.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The objective of the present study was to compare data on the prevalence of mental illness in Germany and the United States. For this purpose, data from the Upper Bavarian Study (UBS) and the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) are presented and compared. In both studies, personal interviews were administered to a sample of community residents. The UBS sample consisted of 1,847 persons aged ≥18 years, and the ECA study consisted of 24,371 household members aged ≥18 years in five sites; 1,876 persons from the ECA sample lived in rural sites, and they were used for comparison with the (rural) UBS sample. The diagnostic classification (according to DSM-III) obtained by clinical interviewers in the UBS and by lay interviewers in the ECA was used. The total 6-month prevalence for any axis I Diagnostic Interview Schedule mental disorder (corrected for sample stratifications and adjusted for age) was 18.5% in the (rural) UBS, 18.0% in the total ECA sample (five sites), and 13.4% in the rural sites of the ECA. High morbidity rates for substance use disorders (UBS, 5.8%; ECA rural sites, 3.4%) and affective disorders (UBS, 6.8%; ECA rural sites, 4.1%) were observed in both studies. The 6-month prevalence rates for alcohol use disorders (3.1% considered marked or severe) were 5.1% in the UBS and 2.9% in the ECA rural sites. Concerning anxiety disorders (UBS, 1.6%; ECA rural sites, 6.7%) there was a substantial difference between the studies, which mainly resulted from a higher prevalence of phobia in the ECA program. There were higher rates of dysthymia (3.8% considered marked or severe) in the UBS (5.4%) than in the ECA rural sites (2.6%), whereas the rate of major depression was somewhat lower in UBS (1.4%) as compared with the ECA rural sites (2.4%). Alcohol use disorder was the most frequent category of mental disorder for men in both studies; for women, affective disorder and phobia (in the ECA) were the most frequent categories. Despite differences in methodology concerning sampling, instruments, and case identification, the similarities between the results of the two studies were considerable.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Differences between depressed patients with and without suicidal ideation were examined, focusing on anger, aggression, and hostility. The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire was used to compare 42 outpatients with major depression in relationship to measures of anger, aggression, hostility, cynicism, life events, and depression. There were no differences on measures of anger, aggression, hostility, and on most measures of severity of depression, but the suicidal group demonstrated more evidence of cynicism. Suicidal ideation is associated with cynicism but is unrelated to measures of hostility, anger, or aggression or to severity of depression in outpatients.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examines the association of symptoms of lifetime antisocial personality disorder (ASP) with marijuana abuse/dependence in Vietnam-era veteran male monozygotic twin pairs. In 1992, 1,874 monozygotic twin pairs responded to a structured psychiatric interview that obtained data on lifetime history of drug use and ASP. Among randomly selected individuals from each twin pair, 8 of 10 ASP symptoms were significantly more prevalent in persons with a lifetime history of marijuana abuse/dependence compared with those who had never abused any drug (p<.001). Among 99 marijuana discordant twin pairs, however, only two ASP symptoms, “failure to conform to social norms” (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 5.5) and “reckless regard of own or other's personal safety” (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 5.4) were significantly increased in marijuana abusing/dependent twins compared with their nonabusing/nondependent twin brother. After adjustment for conduct disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, and exposure to combat in Vietnam, only “failure to conform to social norms of lawful behavior” (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 5.21) remained significantly increased in twins with marijuana abuse/dependence.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated potential gender differences in the onset, course, and termination of cocaine relapse episodes. The subjects were 98 cocaine dependent men and women who were participating in several treatment outcome studies. The Cocaine Relapse Interview was used to obtain data on specific relapse episodes that had occurred in a 6-month period before the interview. The analyses indicted that women reported more unpleasant affect and interpersonal problems and fewer positive experiences before relapse than men, and their relapses were more likely to have an impulsive quality. Women reported more help-seeking after initial use, whereas men reported stronger appetitive reactions and more self-justification. There were no gender differences in factors associated with terminating the relapse episodes. Clinical implications and limitations of the research are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The research on the controversial Alcoholics Anonymous tenet that limited drinking rapidly leads alcoholics to inebriety is inconclusive. We conducted 48-week follow-ups on 51 posttreatment alcohol dependents who had reportedly engaged in limited drinking and 51 paired controls who apparently had not. According to the informants, the limited drinkers consumed 16 times as much alcohol and were 4 times as likely to regress to unacceptable drinking as controls. They were also more often rehospitalized and attended fewer Alcoholics Anonymous meetings than the controls. They were, however, usually (62%) categorized as abstinent or moderate drinkers when assessed during the follow-up period. The groups did not differ in risk of jailing, detoxification, or job loss, nor did limited drinkers ordinarily regress quickly to inebriety. The outcomes of our limited drinkers were inferior to those of controls but much less negative than those Wilson'sAlcoholics Anonymousmaintains.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The high risk model of threat perception predicts that high hypnotizability is a risk factor for trauma-related somatization. It is hypothesized that high hypnotizability can increase experimentally induced threat or negative affect, as measured by skin conductance level, in a linear or dose-response manner. This hypothesized interaction of hypnotic ability and negative affect was found in a consecutive series of 118 adult patients with chronic pain symptoms. Larger increases in skin conductance levels during cognitive threat were significantly related to higher levels of hypnotizability. In addition, individuals with high hypnotizability retained higher skin conductance levels than individuals with low hypnotizability after stress. The clinical implications of the interaction of hypnotizability and negative affect during threat perception and delayed recovery from threat perception are discussed in terms of cognitive mechanisms in the etiology and therapy of trauma-related dissociative disorders.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID