摘要:

A model of competence and competence assessment for use in longitudinal research with children at risk to behavioral pathology is presented. The model and the resulting scales were developed so as to create age-appropriate criteria for competent functioning for use in both intermediate and long term outcome research. In order to avoid the pitfalls of listing attributes for success, using normative approaches, or using theoretically based definitions, the model assumes that the criteria for competence are derived from the norms for expected behavior within the assessment domain. Scales for the assessment of competence within the domain of school functioning for children at risk, an area previously demonstrated as having predictive utility, are presented, and an empirically based system of score profiling is described. The model permits the measurement of competence from dimensional to global levels to facilitate the testing of a variety of research questions within the risk area. A description of the University of Rochester Child and Family Study is also presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Teacher and peer ratings of 65 children at risk to schizophrenia and other severe psychopathology were divided into three behavioral domains: problem solving, social-emotional, and compliance. Each child area was then related to variables generated from a family consensus Rorschach procedure in an effort to gain a greater understanding of the mechanism of risk involvement. Within the problem solving domain, parental communication deviance, nonacknowledgment of comments, and clear communication were the three family variables which consistently and linearly related to child competence at school. In the social-emotional area, only parental communication deviance displayed a linear relationship to the child's functioning at school. No significant findings occurred in the area of compliance behavior, and the roles of age of child and child IQ did not influence any of the findings. The data indicated that parental communication deviance may be an important variable in risk involvement.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The school competence of children whose parents were previously hospitalized for psychiatric disorder was studied. These children, at risk themselves for behavioral disorder, were compared to classmates as well as to each other based upon the diagnosis of the hospitalized parent. Four diagnostic groups were employed: narrowly defined schizophrenic, broadly defined schizophrenic, affective psychotic, and hospitalized nonpsychotic patients. Significant differences between the risk sample and classmates are reported along with differences among the diagnostic groups. Sons of nonpsychotic hospitalized patients were functioning most poorly and were in marked defiance of peer and adult norms. Parental and child IQ were found to have had little impact upon the data and were not considered major interactive variables. Issues concerning systems of diagnoses and the developmental implications of the findings are presented.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examined relationships between aspects of parent psychopathology and the behavioral competence of 101 children, as measured by peers and teachers in their school classrooms, from families in which at least one parent has been previously hospitalized for a functional psychiatric disorder. Since these children are at risk for present and future behavioral disorder and significant differences have already been established between this risk sample and control classmates, this study represented a further attempt to identify risk factors for future psychopathology in these children. Diagnostic classifications and continuous measures of overall psychological impairment were used for the hospitalized parent at the time of the most recent psychiatric hospitalization and at the time of the study, an average of 4.36 years later. These indices of parent psychiatric status were related to Fisher's measures of child school competence. Results indicated that the continuous measure of overall impairment at the time of the risk study was the aspect of parent pathology most highly related to child functioning, particularly in those areas reflecting cognitive functioning. DSM-III diagnosis at both time periods showed fewer and more equivocal significant relationships with child variables. These findings suggested that the usual, ongoing level of parent impairment is the most important factor of parent psychopathology relating to the functioning of the child. Diagnosis was less important, and neither the number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations nor recency of hospitalization was associated with child functioning.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examines a) the effect of sex of index patient parent on the significant and positive relationship between severity of parent psychopathology and Fisher's child competence measures reported in a previous study of this series; and b) the relationship of general and specific dimensions of parent symptomatology to Fisher's child competence measures. Severity of psychopathology and type of symptomatology data were collected on parents of 101 intact families in which at least one parent had been previously hospitalized for a functional psychiatric disorder. Ratings on each psychopathological variable were made for two time frames, most recent hospitalization and time of study, which was a mean duration of 4.36 years later. Behavioral competence data were collected on one son in each family on the basis of peer and teacher ratings of school behaviors.Results indicated that the highly significant relationship between rating of severity of parent psychopathology at time of study and child competence measures was mainly a function of the index patient mother's psychopathology. Only the affective dimensions of symptomatology were consistently and significantly correlated with child competence measures. Lability of affect for index patient mother at most recent hospitalization was positively related to child competence. Depression, withdrawal, and incongruous affect rated for index patient mother at time of study were related to lower child competence. Severity or type of psychopathology of index father was not consistently related to child competence measures.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A review of the major findings of the five previous papers in the series is presented and points of integration of the results are noted. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of diagnosis in predicting child competence as well as on differences related to whether or not the mother or the father is the patient. Also, the need to design studies to tease out the relative contributions of patient and family variables is pointed out.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The authors attempted to differentiate groups of abusing, neglecting, and normal mothers on the basis of clinically familiar dimensions of psychopathology. Using the Current and Past Psychopathology Scales (CAPPS), two psychiatrists conducted standardized interviews and blindly assessed 60 subjects. Although the current section of the CAPPS failed to discern more psychopathology in the maltreating parents, a multiple discriminant analysis of 18 past summary scales significantly distinguished the three groups and correctly reclassified 63.3 per cent of the mothers. The neglect group obtained high ratings on the Neurotic Childhood scale, whereas abusers showed greater disturbance on Disorganized and Anger-Excitability.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Increasing concern with the problem of confidentiality has prompted the authors to examine factors associated with the handling of confidentiality among a sample of psychiatrists, psychologists, and internists. Significant differences were found among the three groups of clinicians. The nature of professional training and the predominant approach to treatment were found to be related to attitudes toward confidentiality, as was previous professional experience with socially threatening behavior. Implications of the findings are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Research exploration of creativity potentially provides a clarification of the criteria for normal, highly adaptive, and pathological patient functioning. Very little controlled experimental research on creativity has, however, been carried out. This paper reports the results of two related experiments on a specific type of creative cognition named “homospatial thinking,” which has been described in previous empirical research. Homospatial thinking consists of actively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same space or spatial location, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities. Experimental conditions involved the production of literary metaphors in response to either superimposed or separated pairs of projected visual images by 89 writer subjects. In one experiment, two randomly selected groups of subjects were exposed to photographic slides containing the experimental superimposed and the control separated image pairs for a full period of 5 minutes for each metaphor to be produced. In the other experiment, two randomly selected subject groups were exposed to the same photographic slides for a period of only 2 minutes for each metaphor in order to assess the effect of mental work in the absence of the visual stimuli. Creativity of all metaphors produced by all subjects was independently rated by two literary judges. Results support the hypothesis that homospatial thinking is operative in creative production of literary metaphors. As metaphorical construction is paradigmatic for creative activities in a wide variety of areas, it is suggested that homospatial thinking operates widely in creativity. Because creativity is an important type of human adaptation, the results have pertinence to both psychiatric practice and theory.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Previous survey work with 1591 married Chicago adults has demonstrated a close connection between symptoms of depression and current marital stressors (nonfulfillment of basic role expectations, lack of reciprocity between partners, and nonacceptance by spouse). The pertinent question now becomes which factors predispose toward marital stressors. We address this issue here by examining a broad array of variables to see which are most predictive of marital stressors by employing multiple regression analysis on data from the survey sample. A descending order of explanatory power of marital stressors occurs for the following categories of variables: respondent's style of coping with marital problems, behavior patterns within the marriage, personality factors of the respondent, other current social stressors, demographic variables, and marital circumstances. One coping style in particular, that of optimistic action, is more predictive of low marital stressors than any other single variable studied. The findings contradict several common beliefs about marital stressors: the presence of background differences between the spouses, a lack of consensus between the partners, and the presence of other social stressors (job, parenting, finances) are relatively poor predictors of marital discord.

ISSN:0022-3018    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID